Fatty acid description

Alkyd resins are usually referred to by a brief description based on certain classification schemes. Erom the classification the general properties of the resin become immediately apparent. Classification is based on the nature of the fatty acid and oil length. 

More frequentiy, alkyd resias are described by a combiaed classification ia terms of thek oil length, the type of fatty acids, and any unusual kigredients. Such descriptions as an isophthaUc, very long tall oil alkyd a medium oil dehydrated castor-PE ( pentaerythritol, not polyethylene) alkyd or a short oil lauric-ben2oic alkyd, immediately project the general properties of the reski. 

The quaHty, ie, level of impurities, of the fats and oils used in the manufacture of soap is important in the production of commercial products. Fats and oils are isolated from various animal and vegetable sources and contain different intrinsic impurities. These impurities may include hydrolysis products of the triglyceride, eg, fatty acid and mono/diglycerides proteinaceous materials and particulate dirt, eg, bone meal and various vitamins, pigments, phosphatides, and sterols, ie, cholesterol and tocopherol as weU as less descript odor and color bodies. These impurities affect the physical properties such as odor and color of the fats and oils and can cause additional degradation of the fats and oils upon storage. For commercial soaps, it is desirable to keep these impurities at the absolute minimum for both storage stabiHty and finished product quaHty considerations. 

A stable foam is likely to have ingredients that are in a low energy state at the air-liquid interface. Substances that fit this description include proteins, emulsifiers some fats and fat components such as diglycerides monoglycerides and fatty acids. Food law uses the term emulsifier and stabiliser to cover the situation where the ingredient is stabilising an emulsion rather than helping to form it. 

The synthesis of fatty acids involves an ordered sequence of condensations (to build up the chain length), reductions (to convert a carbonyl to a methylene group), dehydrations and a further reduction reaction. (A simplified description of condensation and reduction reactions is presented in Figme 11.4.)... 

Wolfe has presented an excellent description of the systematic application of stable and radioactive isotope tracers in determining the kinetics of intestinal fat absorption, hepatic triglyceride synthesis, lipid mobilization, triglyceride-fatty acid recycling, and cholesterol turnover. 

The chapters of Part I are devoted to the structure and function of the major classes of cellular constituents water (Chapter 2), amino acids and proteins (Chapters 3 through 6), sugars and polysaccharides (Chapter 7), nucleotides and nucleic acids (Chapter 8), fatty acids and lipids (Chapter 10), and, finally, membranes and membrane signaling proteins (Chapters 11 and 12). We supplement this discourse on molecules with information about the technologies used to study them. Some of the techniques sections are woven throughout the molecular descriptions, although one entire chapter (Chapter 9) is devoted to an integrated... 

Christie, W.W. (1998) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methods for structural analysis of fatty acids. Lipids 33, 343-353. A detailed description of the methods used to obtain data such as those presented in Figure 10-24. 

RAW MATERIALS Ampholyt JB130 CHEMICAL DESCRIPTION Coconut fatty acid amidopropyl betaine SOURCE Hul S... 

Marine lipids with their diversity of unsaturated and branched chain acid moieties are a difficult class of materials to analyze. Ruminants (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) have a bacterial "factory" in the rumen which is able to produce branched-chain partially-hydrogenated lipids from ingested plant lipids. These lipids are incorporated into the milk and meat of the animals and eventually into animals which feed upon the ruminants. As a rule animal lipids are highly complex in comparison to plant materials. Although the branched chain materials are usually present in low concentration when compared to the common fatty acid moieties, complete description of these fats requires more sophisticated GC and thus long open tubular columns in tandem with mass spectrometry and computer analysis of the data has become an important approach. Even with a 100-m column, subcutaneous lipids of barley-fed lambs were so complex that prior fractionation with urea adducts was necessary (17). 

A brief description of the main events in fatty-acid biosynthesis follows, and all of these steps must be understood to be under control of appropriate enzymes and their coenzymes even though they are omitted here. 

Conductivity, in water activity measurement, 67-70 Confocal laser scanning microscopy to characterize lipid crystals, 575-579 description of, 575, 577 Conjugated dienes and trienes, determination of, 515-517 Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), fatty acid analysis, 437-438, 445-446 Convection oven, gravimetric measurement of water, 7-8, 10-11... 

Soluble amphiphiles are also known as detergents, tensides, or surfactants. Perhaps the most descriptive of these words is the word surfactant, which is a contraction of the phrase surface active agent . The term soap is usually restricted to the alkali metal salts of long-chain fatty acids (Table 12.1). The term amphiphile indicates that one part of the molecule likes a certain solvent while the other part likes another solvent and the two solvents are immiscible. Usually one solvent is water and the water-loving part is called hydrophilic. The other part is hydrophobic. It does not like to be in water and prefers to be in an oily environment or air. The hydrophobic part usually consists of a long, straight alkyl chain (CH3(CH2) c i nc = 8-20). For special applications the hydrocarbons might be completely or partially fluo-rinated. 

Tween 20, Chemical Classification - Ethoxylated Fatty Acids, Chemical Description -Polyoxyethylene (20) Sorbitan Monolaurate, Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB) 16.7, Uniqema, 1000 Uniqema Blvd., New Castle, Delaware 19720. 

Isuev, A.P. and Musaev, B.S. (1989). Comparative description of fatty acid composition of lipids at early stages of ontogenesis in carp, bighead, chum, Caspian salmon and Russian sturgeon (In Russian). Voprosy Ikhtiologii 29,342-345. 

Little information has been published on the climatic and geographical factors affecting the composition of CBA fats. It can be assumed, however, that components which vary in cocoa butter with location, etc., also change in other confectionery fats, although these effects are nullified somewhat by refining and fractionation. Comprehensive details of the acylglycerol and fatty acid composition of illipe butters from several Shorea species are presented with description of cultivation and harvesting in Blicher-Mathiesen (1994) and some details of the cultivation and uses of shea have been described by Ruiz Mendez and Huesa Lope (1991). 

The fats and oils standards aim to provide protection in terms of authenticity of the products covered and contain descriptions of each. They also recognize that the fatty acid composition is one of the main ways of identifying and distinguishing one oil/fat from another. Fatty acid specifications for each oil/fat are included as essential composition and quality factors and are reproduced in Tables 8.6 and 8.7. For vegetable oils, it is also recognized that other compositional factors may be used to assist in assessing authenticity—iodine... 

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