Fat Alternative

Meat and Beans This group contains meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, nuts, and eggs. Two servings a day are sufficient. A serving is three ounces of cooked meat, poultry, or fish, one egg, 1/2 cup cooked dry beans or peas, or one ounce of nuts. The major concern in this group is fat. This can be minimized by choosing low-fat alternatives. Choose the leanest cuts of beef and pork and substitute fish and skinned poultry. 

Biodiesel is produced on the industrial scale by methanolysis of vegetable oUs (usually rape or soybean) or waste fat, particularly using frying oils. Methanolysis proceeds with modest amounts of base catalyst, provided the levels of free fatty acid and water in the oil are low (24, 25). The fatty acid content may be reduced by physical or chemical treatment before methanolysis but for waste fats, alternative processes that do not use base catalysis may be preferred. Lipase catalyzed methanolysis is less sensitive to fatty acid and water in the oil and has been tested in batch (26) and fixed-bed reactor (27) conversion of waste oil and grease to biodiesel. 

List, G.R. R. Reeves. reduction. Trans Fats Alternatives D.R. Kodali, G.R. List, Eds. AOCS Press Champaign, IL, 2005 pp. 72-73. 

The infected group accumulated more body fat, which accounted for the increased body weight. The authors suggest that like Ad-36, increased preadipocyte differentiation by viral infection (Vangipuram et al., 2004) may be responsible for the increased body fat. Alternatively, the authors proposed the effect of inflammation on lipid metabolism. PPAR-y is a pivotal transcription factor responsible for adipocyte differentiation and is also involved in modulating inflammatory response (Clark, 2002). The authors speculated that increased adiposity may be a side effect of the anti-inflammatory response elicited by Ad-5 infection. 

Because oil and gas ate not renewable resources, at some point in time alternative feedstocks will become attractive however, this point appears to be fat in the future. Of the alternatives, only biomass is a renewable resource (see Fuels frombiomass). The only chemical produced from biomass in commercial quantities at the present time is ethanol by fermentation. The cost of ethanol from biomass is not yet competitive with synthetically produced ethanol from ethylene. Ethanol (qv) can be converted into a number of petrochemical derivatives and could become a significant source. 

In fat-free recipes where this method caimot be practiced, it is possible to add and mix vanillin powder with eggs. An alternative to vanillin powder for highly mechanized processes is to use a vanillin solution or Hquid flavor the solvent used is either ethanol- or monopropylene glycol-based. 

Fat Liquors for Leather. The addition of a chloriaated paraffia to a sulfated or sulfoaated oil offers alternatives to aatural oils as fat Hquors for leather. 

Although /3-oxidation is universally important, there are some instances in which it cannot operate effectively. For example, branched-chain fatty acids with alkyl branches at odd-numbered carbons are not effective substrates for /3-oxidation. For such species, a-oxidation is a useful alternative. Consider phy-tol, a breakdown product of chlorophyll that occurs in the fat of ruminant animals such as sheep and cows and also in dairy products. Ruminants oxidize phytol to phytanic acid, and digestion of phytanic acid in dairy products is thus an important dietary consideration for humans. The methyl group at C-3 will block /3-oxidation, but, as shown in Figure 24.26, phytanic acid a-hydroxylase places an —OFI group at the a-carbon, and phytanic acid a-oxidase decar-boxylates it to yield pristanie add. The CoA ester of this metabolite can undergo /3-oxidation in the normal manner. The terminal product, isobutyryl-CoA, can be sent into the TCA cycle by conversion to succinyl-CoA. 

High-pressure pumps operating at up to 6000 psi are required to force solvent through a tightly packed HPLC column, and electronic detectors are used to monitor the appearance of material eluting from the column. Alternatively, the column can be interfaced to a mass spectrometer to determine the mass spectrum of every substance as it elutes. Figure 12.18 shows the results of HPLC analysis of a mixture of 10 fat-soluble vitamins on 5 jam silica spheres with acetonitrile as solvent. 

The insulin-binding domain of the INSR is located within a cystein-rich region of the a-subunits. Alternative splicing of exon 11 generates two isoforms of the a-subunit which differ in their C-terminus and in their tissue distribution (type A leukocytes type B liver type A and B skeletal muscle and fat). The isoforms differ in their affinity to insulin (A > B), but then-relevance for normal and impaired insulin action is not entirely clear [1,2]. 

Uniformly labeled C-8-D with a specific activity of 2.99 juc/mg was administered orally to pregnant females at 2 /xg/kg/day from 6-15 days of gestation. Three females were sacrificed on alternate days during days 6-20 of pregnancy. Triplicate samples of fetus, placenta, blood, brain, abdominal fat, and sartorius muscle were procured from each female. The samples were dissolved in 1 ml of Soluene (Packard Instruments) to which 15 ml of Aquasol were added. Each sample vial was counted for 30 min in a Nuclear Chicago Mark I liquid scintillation counter. 

This state emphasises its capacity to dissolve chemicals and natural substances of similar way as do different organic solvents such as hexane, acetone or dichloromethane. Therefore, the first applications focused on the extraction of natural substances as an alternative to using organic solvents. Thus, removal of caffeine (coffee or tea) with supercritical C02 is the most mature application at industrial level and is also used in the extraction of hops or cocoa fat. 

Alternatively, ground pulses, sesame seeds, fat (either ghee or sesame seed paste) and honey are used. The product could be flavoured by... 

When butter or margarine are used they are normally handled at temperatures near 18°C, which leaves the ingredient manageable but without breaking the emulsion. Specially blended dough fats can be handled at this temperature. Alternatively, the dough fat is handled at temperatures near 27°C, where it is pumpable. It is possible to use these fats at up to 40°C. 

These are doughnuts made from choux pastry. They appear to be an American product. The choux pastry is shaped into a ring on parchment paper. The rings are allowed to set and the parchment is dipped into the fat and the dough is loosened. Alternatively, the dough can be deposited by a specially shaped cutter. The finished product is less dense than other doughnuts and is sometimes glazed. 

---