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Failure blistering

Determination of the type and frequency of inspection on the risk is what risk-based inspection (RBI) is all about. Risk is quantitatively determined by the probability of failure and the consequences thereof. This implies that the type of failure (blistering, cracking, etc.) and its rate are known through experience, testing, or other information. The owner, on the basis of the contained liquid, its amount, and its hazardous nature, determines the consequences. In almost all cases, fluoropolymers are used for corrosive and hazardous chemicals, and the consequences of failure are quite severe. This has led to the general guidelines for type and frequency of inspections shown in Table 9.1. [Pg.313]

Phenol. Phenol monomer is highly toxic and absorption by the skin can cause severe blistering. Large quantities can cause paralysis of the central nervous system and death. Ingestion of minor amounts may damage kidneys, Hver, and pancreas. Inhalation can cause headaches, dizziness, vomiting, and heart failure. The threshold limit value (TLV) for phenol is 5 ppm. The health and environmental risks of phenol and alkylated phenols, such as cresols and butylphenols, have been reviewed (66). [Pg.302]

Fig. 1, Schematic of commonly u.sed methods for testing the strength of adhesive joints, (a) Peel test. Note that the peel angle can be changed depending on the test requirements, (b) Double overlap shear test. In this test, the failure is predominantly mode II. (c) Single overlap shear test. In this test the failure mode is mixture of mode I and mode II. (d) Blister test. Fig. 1, Schematic of commonly u.sed methods for testing the strength of adhesive joints, (a) Peel test. Note that the peel angle can be changed depending on the test requirements, (b) Double overlap shear test. In this test, the failure is predominantly mode II. (c) Single overlap shear test. In this test the failure mode is mixture of mode I and mode II. (d) Blister test.
Continued exposure of the nickel-chromium alloy to more severely sulphurising and reducing atmospheres results in local depletion of chromium to such an extent that nickel sulphide and the eutectic are formed internally. The latter constituents are not often observed in service failures, but the relative instability of nickel sulphide in the presence of chromium sulphide can result in its reduction to nickel during slow cooling on shut down. That nickel sulphide is formed is suggested by the frequent occurrence of blisters, associated with the formation of molten eutectic on the surface of sulphur-attacked specimens . [Pg.1061]

The processes are dealt with fully in Chapters 11, 14 and 15. Because many paint systems include an initial surface pretreatment, e.g. chromated aluminium or phosphated steel, BS4479 1990, Part 3 deals with conversion coatings and should be consulted by designers. Whatever the method of treatment, liquids must be able to drain quickly and freely from the surfaces. Crevices where liquids can become entrapped are best avoided. The surface configuration needs to be such that active solutions can be washed away, leaving the surface to be painted completely free from unreacted pretreatment solution. Failure to achieve the requisite level of freedom from the surplus chemicals causes paint failure, e.g. osmotic blistering. [Pg.325]

Paint failure is related to climatic conditions, and the weather prevailing during application of the paint and during subsequent exposure will determine the life of the paint system. This applies, of course, particularly to outdoor work. In unfavourable weather conditions, cracking and blistering can be promoted as a consequence of the expansion of the products of corrosion, and in the case of iron and steel this can lead to under-rusting. [Pg.609]

Paint films exposed to condensation often fail unexpectedly by very early blistering between primer and finishing coat, usually associated with soluble salts trapped under the relatively impermeable finishing coat. Relatively more permeable latex-based paints are less prone to this failure. [Pg.611]

Figures 19.62 and 19.63 were taken at the time of investigation into a failure of 1001 of steel which should have been coated with a nearly maintenance-free system. Zinc metal spray and four coats of paint were specified but, for reasons of economy, special measures for inspection were not taken. Within months of erection areas were flaking off where millscale had not been removed (Fig. 19.62) and other areas were blistering. Figure... Figures 19.62 and 19.63 were taken at the time of investigation into a failure of 1001 of steel which should have been coated with a nearly maintenance-free system. Zinc metal spray and four coats of paint were specified but, for reasons of economy, special measures for inspection were not taken. Within months of erection areas were flaking off where millscale had not been removed (Fig. 19.62) and other areas were blistering. Figure...
Irretrievable loss of matrix-forming cations and anions can result in permanent damage to the cement surface. This is visible as milky or chalky patches or even raised blisters. For this reason it is customary to protect, temporarily, the freshly placed cement by varnish. Once hardened, attack by neutral solutions causes failure only when a cement has been poorly formulated and contains excessive amounts of soluble reaction products. In this case osmotic effects can cause blistering or even disintegration under the action of internal forces, as Figure 6.22 illustrates (Wilson Batchelor, 1967a). [Pg.256]

Skin erythema and blistering watery, swollen eyes upper airways sloughing with pulmonary edema metabolic failure neutropenia and sepsis (especially sulfur mustard, late in course). [Pg.191]

Applications HS-GC-MS was used to identify odour in a manufacturing plant as an acetal [308] and to analyse a colour body problem [308a]. HS-GC-MS and GC-MS were both used for failure analysis blister space... [Pg.470]

In broilers of modern fast growing, meat production genotypes, most deaths are due to sudden heart failure and parasite infections (see also Chapter 12). Also such genotypes suffer from leg disorders (perosis, tibial dyschondroplasia, etc.) and muscle diseases to such an extent that they have difficulty in walking normally. They are thought to suffer severe pain and consequently spend much longer lying down. This in turn may lead to serious breast blisters. [Pg.125]

After skin is exposed to HN-2 an epidermal rash develops within approximately an hour. If initial exposure is very low, a rash may not develop. As with HN-1, HN-2 exposure is cumulative. If a person receives multiple low-level exposures, a rash will eventually appear. Blistering will begin about 12 hours after the onset of the skin rash. As with other blister agents, great irritation results when HN-2 vapor or liquid mixes with sweat and flows to tender skin areas (e.g., armpits, buttocks, crotch). Pulmonary effects from exposure to HN-2 are not as severe as for distilled mustard. Dry-land drowning syndrome can occur as the lungs flood with mucus, dead tissue, and blood. The victim dies from a combination of asphyxiation and heart failure. [Pg.84]

Skin rash followed by blistering Interferes with blood hemoglobin functioning Dry land drowning Asphyxiation Heart failure... [Pg.111]

The tensile adhesion values show no correlation with the extent of corrosion the bisphenol A epoxy cured with a polyamide amine showed blistering, which represents a complete loss of adhesion. The polyester showed cohesive failure at less than 1000 hours of exposure, so a true adhesion value could not be determined. The other epoxies and the vinyl ester all had values in the 150-200 psi range, with no apparent relationship to the amount of corrosion. [Pg.82]

NF = No failures in X = Blister Grade time specified, according conversion Table of ASTM D714 to a numerical scale (5). [Pg.94]

AB) 20 4 Miscoding of gut (2), microencephaly (1), general hemorrhage (1), edema AO (1), edema AOF (1), eyes with irregular shape and failure (fthe choroid (1), blister dorsal (1)... [Pg.418]

Erythropoietic porphyrias The erythropoietic porphyrias (congenital erythropoietic porphyria and erythropoietic proto porphyria) are characterized by skin rashes and blisters lhat appear in early childhood. The diseases are complicated by cholestatic liver cirrhosis and progressive hepatic failure. [Pg.278]

Blister-A cavity deforming the surface of a material usually due to expansion of an entrapped liquid or gas. Permeation failures of tank linings in service is sometimes evidenced by blister formation. [Pg.264]

Corrosion performance was evaluated by the scab corrosion test. The coated panels were scribed and subjected to 25 cycles as follows 15 min immersion in 5% NaCl solution, 75 min air-dry at room temperature, followed by 22.5 h exposure to 85% relative humidity (RH) and 60°C environment. The tested samples were examined visually for failure such as corrosion, him lifting, peeling, adhesion loss, or blistering. The distance between the scribe line and the unaffected coating was measured as the corrosion creepage. [Pg.463]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.100 ]




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