Reactions solubility

Careful measurements of the solubility of AglOa show that it increases in the presence of KNO3, even though neither K+ or participates in the solubility reaction. Clearly the equilibrium position for the reaction... 

Sulfur can be determined quantitatively by oxidizing to S04 and precipitating as BaS04. The solubility reaction for BaS04 is... 

If the solution is saturated with Agl, then the solubility reaction... 

The environment plays several roles in corrosion. It acts to complete the electrical circuit, ie, suppHes the ionic conduction path provide reactants for the cathodic process remove soluble reaction products from the metal surface and/or destabili2e or break down protective reaction products such as oxide films that are formed on the metal. Some important environmental factors include the oxygen concentration the pH of the electrolyte the temperature and the concentration of anions. 

The equilibrium constant for the solubility reaction is readily calculated. Consider, for example, the reaction by which zinc hydroxide dissolves in ammonia. Again, imagine that the reaction occurs in two steps ... 

In an aqueous solubility reaction, a salt dissolves to yield ions in solution. The amount of a salt that dissolves in water varies over a large range, as the following examples show ... 

The problem asks for an equilibrium constant, which means we need to find equilibrium concentrations of the species involved in the solubility reaction. Use the seven-step strategy, which we present here without step numbers. 

The starting materials are solid Pbl2 and H2 O. These are the only major species present before any solid dissolves. The only equilibrium involving these reactants is the solubility reaction. Solid Pbl2 dissolves in water to produce its ions in solution, Pb and I ... 

This reaction is the sum of the solubility reaction of AgBr and the complexation reaction between... 

In neutral solution when fully hardened, dental silicate cements are resistant to aqueous attack. Before they have fully hardened, set cements contain soluble reaction intermediates - soluble sodium salts, acid phosphates and fluorides - which render them vulnerable to attack even by neutral solutions including saliva (Wilson, 1976). 

Irretrievable loss of matrix-forming cations and anions can result in permanent damage to the cement surface. This is visible as milky or chalky patches or even raised blisters. For this reason it is customary to protect, temporarily, the freshly placed cement by varnish. Once hardened, attack by neutral solutions causes failure only when a cement has been poorly formulated and contains excessive amounts of soluble reaction products. In this case osmotic effects can cause blistering or even disintegration under the action of internal forces, as Figure 6.22 illustrates (Wilson Batchelor, 1967a). 

Anodic dissolution (oxidation) of the metal with the formation of soluble [reaction (16.1)] or insoluble [reaction (16.2)] products... 

In addition to metals, other substances that are solids and have at least some electronic conductivity can be used as reacting electrodes. During reaction, such a solid is converted to the solid phase of another substance (this is called a solid-state reaction), or soluble reaction products are formed. Reactions involving nomnetaUic solids occur primarily in batteries, where various oxides (MnOj, PbOj, NiOOH, Ag20, and others) and insoluble salts (PbS04, AgCl, and others) are widely used as electrode materials. These compounds are converted in an electrochemical reaction to the metal or to compounds of the metal in a different oxidation state. 

Mineral acids include hydrochloric acid and blends of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acid (usually 12% HCl/3% HF). Hydrochloric acid is used to acidize carbonate formations. Its advantages are relatively low cost, high carbonate mineral dissolving power, and the formation of soluble reaction products (which minimizes formation damage). The primary disadvantage of hydrochloric acid is its corrosive nature. 

Extract the water-soluble reaction by-products from the chloroform with an equal volume of 1 percent NaCl. Extract twice. 

Both [AB] and [S] are unchanged in solubility reactions of sparingly soluble salts, hence the above equation may be rewritten thus... 

Temperature effects on solubility products are readily assessed as most solubility reactions are clearly seen as endothermic and disorder increasing. Raising the temperature will thus increase Ksp together with the solubility of the solid. 

It is necessary to consider a number of equilibrium reactions in an analysis of a hydrometallurgical process. These include complexing reactions that occur in solution as well as solubility reactions that define equilibria for the dissolution and precipitation of solid phases. As an example, in analyzing the precipitation of iron compounds from sulfuric acid leach solutions, McAndrew, et al. (11) consider up to 32 hydroxyl and sulfate complexing reactions and 13 precipitation reactions. Within a restricted pH range only a few of these equilibria are relevant and need to be considered. Nevertheless, equilibrium constants for the relevant reactions must be known. Furthermore, since most processes operate at elevated temperatures, it is essential that these parameters be known over a range of temperatures. The availability of this information is discussed below. 

This thermally reversible precipitation suggested potential applications to the technology of reaction product isolation. It could be used as a tool to allow isolation of a specific product from a totally soluble reaction by raising the temperature. 

Solubility of Inorganic Substances in HF (Simons, 16) c,. Not , , ., Reacts but Very soluble appreciably 0 U .W1 product soluble, , . reaction. , . . soluble insoluble Insoluble and unreactive... 

The metallorganic compounds (I, II) employed in presence of a heterogeneous phase containing an amorphous compound of a low-valency, strongly electropositive transition metal, generally polymerize a-olefins to amorphous polymers. In a similar fashion, the soluble reaction products of such metallorganic compounds with compounds of transition metals, chemisorbed on amorphous substrates, polymerize a-olefins to amorphous polymers 6, 9). 

Consider the following half-reactions whose difference is the solubility reaction for iron(II) carbonate (which is not a redox reaction) ... 

A number of peroxychromates are known, including the deep-blue, organic soluble reaction product of Fi Os and acid CrjO solutions, which is HrCiOi, i.e., CrO. 2H 0 . 

The relative initial ratio of acrylonitrile to butadiene and degree of conversion of nitrile to amidoxime are directly related to the resultant film s solubility parameter and glass transition temperature. Ideally, the concentration of amidoxime functional groups would be maximized while the coating s solubility parameter is matched to the vapor to be detected and the glass transition temperature is kept below room temperature. In practice, the conversion limitations are set by the reaction conditions of limited polymer solubility, reaction temperature and time. Three terpolymers of varying butadiene, acrylonitrile and amidoxime compositions were prepared as indicated in Table 1. 

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