Fabric finishing formulations

Another textile use of acryUc polymers is fabric finishing, to impart a desired hand or feel, or to aid soil release, or for permanent-press features. Copolymers of acrylate esters with acryUc or methacrylic acid serve as thickeners for a variety of textile coating formulations (see Textiles, finishing). 

Curing Catalysts for A Methylol Agents. Many acid-type catalysts have been used in finishing formulations to produce a durable press finish. Catalyst selection must take into consideration not only achievement of the desked chemical reaction, but also such secondary effects as influence on dyes, effluent standards, formaldehyde release, discoloration of fabric, chlorine retention, and formation of odors. In much of the industry, the chemical suppher specifies a catalyst for the agent so the exact content of the catalyst may not be known by the finisher. 

The chemical industry is actually a set of related industries with many diverse functions and products. Certain raw materials are used to prepare key chemicals, monomers, and intermediates that may be sold independently or used directly in additional steps to give various polymers and end chemicals. These in turn can be formulated and fabricated into chemical products, which can sometimes be modified into finished products. There is a flow of materials and products from raw sources to finished formulations. Although the division is approximate, about 60% of the chemical industry manufactures industrial products that are further modified, whereas 40% of their products are sold directly to the consumer. Chemistry may not be a household word, but it should be. Actually, the older name for the Chemical Manufacturing sector is Chemicals and Allied Products, still used sometimes and a term that adequately describes the breadth of the industry. 

Is an amidoamine condensate which is used as a hydrophobic component with mineral oils and fatty esters in formulating fabric finishes. This product offers excellent softening and lubricating properties while maintaining good whiteness retention during fabric or yarn processing. 

Chemical finishes mean the use of proper chemical finishing formulations to impart a wide variety of desired properties. Application of a chemical finish is governed by type of the cellulosic fabric, the demanded fabric properties, and the active ingredients of the finishing formulations, available machinery and application method, i.e., in batch by exhaustion or by continuous process such as padding technique [127]. 

Trimethylchlorosilane Zirconium oxychloride Zirconium oxychloride hexahydrate water repellent fabric finishing Nonoxynol-10 phosphate water repellent formulations, paper Ammonium zirconium carbonate water repellent ingredient Stearamide MEA-stearate water repellent treatment, cement Cocoyl hydroxyethyl imidazoline water repellent treatment, concrete Cocoyl hydroxyethyl imidazoline water repellent treatment, plaster Cocoyl hydroxyethyl imidazoline water repellent, adhesives Ammonium-12-molybdosilicate ... 

Uses Emulsifer, wetting agent, foaming agent in textile finishing, fiber and fabric applies. emulsifier for solvents in textile scouring Features Compat. with most other components in finish formulations Properties Colorless liq. sol. in alcohols, toluene, acetone, MEK disp. in water insol. in min. oil vise. 482 cps (16 C), 51 cps (32 C) f.p. 3 C HLB 12.5 flash pt. 186 C pH 7.0 99% act. 

Uses Lubricant for aq. cutting fluids detergent for heavy-duty, all-purpose liq. formulations emulsifier in PVAc and acrylic film formation textile wetting agent water-repellent fabric finishing Features Electrolyte-compatible... 

Uses Antistat and degreaser for aq. cleaning systems antistat for fabric, fiber, and yarn finish formulations nylon retarding agent hair conditioner Pmperties Liq. flash pt. (PMCC) > 212 F 100% solids Variquat 80AC [Evonik Goldschmidt GmbH]... 

THPC—Amide Process. The THPC—amide process is the first practical process based on THPC. It consists of a combination of THPC, TMM, and urea. In this process, there is the potential of polymer formation by THPC, melamine, and urea. There may also be some limited cross-linking between cellulose and the TMM system. The formulation also includes triethanolamine [102-71-6J, an acid scavenger, which slows polymerization at room temperature. Urea and triethanolamine react with the hydrochloric acid produced in the polymerization reaction, thus preventing acid damage to the fabric. This finish with suitable add-on passes the standard vertical flame test after repeated laundering (80). 

THPC—Amide—PoIy(vinyI bromide) Finish. A flame retardant based on THPC—amide plus poly(vinyl bromide) [25951-54-6] (143) has been reported suitable for use on 35/65, and perhaps on 50/50, polyester—cotton blends. It is appUed by the pad-dry-cure process, with curing at 150°C for about 3 min. A typical formulation contains 20% THPC, 3% disodium hydrogen phosphate, 6% urea, 3% trimethylolglycouril [496-46-8] and 12% poly(vinyl bromide) soUds. Approximately 20% add-on is required to impart flame retardancy to a 168 g/m 35/65 polyester—cotton fabric. Treated fabrics passed the FF 3-71 test. However, as far as can be determined, poly(vinyl bromide) is no longer commercially available. 

Over time, finish components tend to separate and migrate within the fiber and throughout the yam package. With nylon, the ionic emulsifiers and antistats tend toward the core of the fiber whereas the hydrocarbon lubricants remain on the surface. It is, therefore, essential to scour yams and fabrics at neutral to basic pH to reemulsify the lubricant and remove the finish emulsifier prior to dyeiag. In formulating any new finish, environmental issues such as biodegradabihty, water and air pollution must be considered (137). 

Melamine—Formaldehyde Resins. The most versatile textile-finishing resins are the melamine—formaldehyde resins. They provide wash-and-wear properties to ceUulosic fabrics, and enhance the wash durabiHty of flame-retardant finishes. Butylated melamine —formaldehyde resins of the type used in surface coatings may be used in textile printing-ink formulations. A typical textile melamine resin is the dimethyl ether of trimethylolmelamine [1852-22-8] which can be prepared as follows ... 

Fluorochemical repeUents are commercially avaUable as emulsions or solvent solutions. The most widely used emulsions for fabrics and carpet are cationic, but nonionic emulsions are becoming more prevalent. The emulsifier in the formulation can affect the repeUency and durabUity of the product (28). Surfactants used in the fluorochemical emulsions or added to finish baths should be nonrewetting and have a minimum adverse effect on oU repeUency. Solvent solutions of fluorochemicals are becoming less common as a result of toxicity and environmental concerns. 

Resin-B sedFinishes. Resin-based water repeUents are durable finishes that are modified melamine resins, blended with waxes. In some cases, the resin helps disperse the wax in the repeUent formulation. The resin provides water repeUency and binds the wax onto the fabric. 

For application of these fluorochemical finishes to textile fabrics, an extremely important factor is their formulation into suitable aqueous emulsions or dispersions. The quality of the formulation has a critical influence on stability during storage and application, as well as the efficacy of treatment and durability [501,502]. In particular, the choice of surfactant(s) for emulsifying or dispersing must ensure good stability with freedom from deposition on rollers, yet must not impair the water and oil repellency of the finished fabric. No individual product fulfils all requirements hence specifically formulated products are available for certain fibre types. 

There are fundamental differences in approach to the selection of FBAs for either household detergents or textile finishing. Brighteners in detergent formulations are intended to preserve the whiteness of fabrics that already contain FBAs during many successive wash and... 

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