Water wetting agents

The patent literature suggests that intense mechanical shearing forces, both on the dry voluminous powder and on the subsequent suspension in water, are required to attain reasonable dispersion in water or polar organic liquids. In water, wetting agents are used to promote wetting of the hydrophilic siloxane surface areas and alkali to promote surface hydration and dispersion (116, 117). ... 

Pigment Black Printer L Pigment Black Concentration % Binder Water wetting agent, Derussol AN 1-25/L ... 

Uses Foaming agent, hydrotrope, and water wetting agent in oil field appiics. 

Antlblaze 19. Antiblaze 19 (Mobil), a flame retardant for polyester fibers (134), is a nontoxic mixture of cycHc phosphonate esters. Antiblaze 19 is 100% active, whereas Antiblaze 19T is a 93% active, low viscosity formulation for textile use. Both are miscible with water and are compatible with wetting agents, thickeners, buffers, and most disperse dye formulations. Antiblaze 19 or 19T can be diffused into 100% polyester fabrics by the Thermosol process for disperse dyeing and printing. This requires heating at 170—220°C for 30—60 s. 

Wetting agents are used to make a water rinse remover. Water rinse removers are normaUy used for removing paint, where the surfactants help remove paint and remover from the substrate. Solvent rinse removers or wipe and dry formulas may be used for stripping clear finishes. A typical petroleum and oxygenate formula is as foUows (10). 

Surfactants. Surfactants (qv) perform a variety of functions in a drilling fluid. Depending on the type of fluid, a surfactant may be added to emulsify oil in water (o/w) or water in a nonaqueous Hquid (w/o), to water-wet mud soHds or to maintain the soHds in a nonwater-wet state, to defoam muds, or to act as a foaming agent. 

The conventional sulfur dye powder is made into a paste with a small amount of soft water and an alkah-stable wetting agent. Boiling for a few minutes in a strong solution of sodium sulfide reduces the dye. The dissolved dye is diluted to the requited dyebath volume. When dyeing pale shades, the final bath should contain at least 5 g/L sodium sulfide (60%), inrespective of the amount used to dissolve the dye. 

Amidosulfonates. Amidosulfonates or A/-acyl-A/-alkyltaurates, are derived from taurine, H2NCH2CH2S02Na, and are effective surfactants and lime soap dispersants (Table 9). Because of high raw material cost, usage is relatively small. Technically, amidosulfonates are of interest because they are stable to hydrolysis, unaffected by hard water, and compatible with soap. They have been used in soap—surfactant toilet-bar formulations. With shorter, acyl groups, they make excellent wetting agents. 

In poly(vinyl acetate) copolymer emulsions, the properties are significantly affected by the composition of the aqueous phase and by the stabilizers and buffers used iu the preparation of these materials, along with the process conditions (eg, monomer concentrations, pH, agitation, and temperature). The emulsions are milk-white Hquids containing ca 55 wt % PVAc, the balance being water and small quantities of wetting agents or protective coUoids. 

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