F-Fluorodeoxyglucose

Radionuclidic purity Not less than 99.5% should correspond to 511 keV, 1.022 MeV, or Compton scatter peaks of 18F 

Chemical purity Major impurities are Kryptofix 2.2.2 and 2-chloro-2-deoxy-D- 

Radiochemical purity It is determined by TLC using activated silica gel as the solid phase and a mixture of acetonitrile and water (95 5) as the solvent. The Rf value of 18F-FDG is 0.4. The radiochemical purity should be more than 90% 

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The main radiopharmaceuticals labelled with fluorine-18, routinely prepared ([2-i F] fluorodeoxyglucose [ F]FDG [26-28], [i F]fluoro-L-DOPA [29], [i F]altanserin [30, 31], [ F]setoperone [32]) are presented with their uses in Table 2. For comparison, the most common tracers labelled with carbon-11 (methionine [33], palmitic acid [34], flumazenil (RO 15.1788) [35], PK 11195 [36], raclopride [37], deprenyl [38], Way-100635 [39], McN-5652Z [40], CGP 12177 [41]) are shown in Table 3. By far, [ F]FDG is the most widely studied, particularly in oncology for the diagnosis of tumours, detection of sub-clinical diseases, assessment of therapy responses, and detection of recurrence. F-Steroids [42], F-proteins or peptides, or F-labelled tissue specific agents have also been synthesized for the detection and monitoring of various malignancies [43]. 

F]p2 addition on the double bond of triacetoxyglucal [26], followed by deprotection of the acetate functions (Scheme 5), was the first method used to produce [2- F]fluorodeoxyglucose. About 10% of [ F]fluorodeoxymannose (FDM) were also formed in the reaction (Scheme 5). 

M. Dietlein, W. Weber, M. Schwaiger, H. Schicha, F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in restaging of colorectal cancer, Nuklearmedizin 42(4) (2003) 145-156. 

M. Mukai, S. Sadahiro, S. Yasuda, H. Ishida, N. Tokunaga, T. Tajima, H. Makuuchi, Preoperative evaluation by whole-body F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in patients with primary colorectal cancer, Oncol. Rep. 7(1) (2000) 85-87. 

L. Staib, H. Schirrmeister, S.N. Reske, H.G. Beger, Is (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in recurrent colorectal cancer a contribution to surgical decision making. Am. J. Surg. 180(1) (2000) 1-5. 

H.L. van Westreenen, M. Westerterp, P.M. Bossuyt, J. Pruim, G.W. Sloof, J.J. van Lanschot, H. Groen, J.T. Plukker, Systematic review of the staging performance of F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in esophageal cancer, J. Clin. Oncol. 22(18) (2004) 3805-3812. 

F. Janicke, H. Graeff, M. Schwaiger, Positron emission tomography using [(18)F] fluorodeoxyglucose for monitoring primary chemotherapy in breast cancer, J. Clin. Oncol. 18(8) (2000) 1689-1695. 

S. Stanzei, B. Asadpour, K. Hamacher, H.H. Coenen, U. Buell, M.J. Eble, [ F] fluoromisonidazole and [ F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in response evaiuation after chemo-/radiotherapy of non-small-cell lung cancer A feasibility study, BMC Cancer 6 (2006) 51. 

O. Kobori, Y. Kirihara, N. Kosaka, T. Hara, Positron emission tomography of esophageal carcinoma using (11)C-choline and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose A novel method of preoperative lymph node staging. Cancer 86(9) (1999) 1638-1648. 

Brain Studies. Rubidium-82 has also been used to study blood brain barrier changes in patients with brain tumors or Alzheimer s type senile dementia (28-30). The method of study is similar to the heart studies without gating. Figure 11 shows the uptake of Rb-82 in the three levels of a brain tumor. This non-invasive procedure provides information on the size and vascularity of the tumor. In the slice OM + 10 there is a vascular rim and a necrotic center in the tumor. The metabolism of glucose was determined in the same tumor patient using F-fluorodeoxyglucose produced on a cyclotron and the results correlated well with Rb-82 distribution. 

The most commonly used PET probe is F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). The synthesis of F-FDG has been carried out as follows. In the first step, F-KF is produced by irradiation of O-water with... 

Interest in the cyclotron returned in the 1970s when the radionuclide F- was used as a label for fluorouracil for detecting tumors. F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) was developed in the 1970s for the study of regional metabolism in the brain, and subsequently in actively metabolizing tissues sudi as cancer. F-joined and Tc-as the most important radionuclides in the history of nuclear medicine. 

Valk PE, Abella-Columna E, Haseman MK, Pounds TR, Tesar RD, Myers RW, Greiss HB, Hofer GA (1999) Whole-body PET imaging with ( F]fluorodeoxyglucose in management of recurrent colorectal cancer. Arch Surg 134 503-511 discussion 511-513... 

Sura S, Greco C, Gelblum D, Yorke ED, Jackson A, Rosenzweig KE (2008) (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-based assessment of local failure patterns in non-small-cell lung cancer treated with definitive radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 70 1397-1402... 

Rasmussen I, Sorensen J et al. (2004) Is positron emission tomography using F-fluorodeoxyglucose and C-acetate valuable in diagnosing indeterminate pancreatic masses Scand J Surg 93 191 -197... 

Pasquali C, Rubello D, Sperti C etal. (1998) Neuroendocrine tumor imaging can F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography detect tumors with poor prognosis and aggressive behavior World J Surg 22 588-592... 

Chung JK, Lee YJ, Kim SK, Jeong JM, Lee DS, Lee MC. Comparison of [ F]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake with glucose transporter-1 expression and proliferation rate in human glioma and non-small-cell lung cancer. Nucl Med Commun 2004 25 11-17. 

As discussed, [ F]FDG is the most widely used radiotracer, consequently this has been the most studied reaction when benchmarking the efficiency of microreactor technology for this appUcation. In this synthesis, maimose triflate (44) is first reacted with the activated fluoride complex to give (45), followed by hydrolysis under acidic or basic conditions to give [ F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([ F]FDG) (46) (Scheme 6.15). 

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