Extravasation test

Idarubicin -anthracycline antitumor antibiotic DNA intercalating agent -bone marrow suppression -nausea and vomiting—mild to moderate -mucocutaneous effects (mucositis, stomatitis, diarrhea) -vesicant if extravasated -cardiotoxicity (150 mg/M2) -elevated liver function tests... 

At present, BP 2.94 (36) is under clinical development in Phase II trials for the treatment of asthma, pneumoallergic diseases, and others. Preclinical studies in rodents clearly displayed anti-inflammatory as well as antinociceptive activity of BP 2.94 (36) given orally at low doses. These effects are mediated by inhibitory H3 receptors located on sensory C-fibres in several different tissues. In particular, capsaicin-induced plasma protein extravasation was dose-dependently inhibited in airways, digestive tract, skin, conjunctiva, urinaiy bladder, nasal mucosa, and dura mater of the rat. In the p-phenylbenzoquinone-induced writhing test in mice, BP 2.94 (36) had a pronounced antinociceptive activity similar to that of acetylsalicylic acid. This effect was significantly abolished by the H3 receptor antagonist thioperamide but not by naloxone. Furthermore, BP 2.94 (36) reduced zymosan-induced edema. This antiinflammatory effect was also abolished by thioperamide [6]. 

Numerous in vitro and in vivo tests have been developed to study specific steps of the neoangiogenic process. Several of these experimental protocols use the same techniques applied for assessment of tumor cell behavior (Albini, 1998). The activated endothelial cell acts similarly to a metastatic cell in the initial phases of angiogenesis, degrading the capillary basement membrane (BM), extravasating, digesting the extracellular matrix and moving toward the angiogenic stimulus (Liotta et al., 1991). For this reason... 

Being the first poly(glutamic acid) conjugate tested in clinical trials, paclitaxel conjugate of poly(glutamic acid) (CT-2103) was observed to have superior antitumor activity to free paclitaxel. In preclinical studies, it was evidenced that the whole conjugate extravasated to the tumor site and the drug was released extracellularly in... 

Fig. 24. Structures of oligosaccharide derivatives examined by Mulligan et al. for inliibition of neutrophil extravasation in rats (Ref. 627). Compound 622 (Cylexin-TM) was later tested as a candidate antiinflammatory therapeutic in humans.

A calcium chloride bolus test dose (10-20 mg/kg up to 1 to 3 g) is the preferred therapy for patients with serious toxicity. In adults, calcium chloride 10% can be diluted in 100 mL normal saline and infused over 5 minutes through a central venous line. If a positive cardiovascular response is achieved with this test dose, a continuous infusion of calcium chloride (20-50 mg/kg per hour) should be started. Calcium gluconate is less desirable to use because it contains less elemental calcium per milligram of final dosage form. Intravenous calcium salts can produce vomiting and tissue necrosis on extravasation." Atropine also may be considered for treatment of bradycardia, but it is seldom sufficient as a sole therapy. ... 

From animal studies of the extravasation of test solutes blue dyes (<1 nm), albumin (3.5 nm), IgG (5.5 nm) and fluorescent dextrans (up to 8.2 nm). All animals were rats except the VX2 carcinoma (rabbit). 

Different platforms have been developed to bring about anticancer drug studies. One of the major reasons for the development of microfluidic platforms for disease studies is to use it as a drug testing model. The model developed by Shin et al. [2] for the study of intra- and extravasation on chip is to serve as a platform for drug testing. 

Volatile control is crucial for the production of void-free phenolic-type laminates. A commercial vacuum-bag moldable phenolic prepreg system was used to test two types of vacuum-bag (VB) processes, namely single- (SVB) and double- (DVB) vacuum-bag processes. The DVB process enabled better control of volatiles, with the point of application of vacuum pressure selected to avoid excessive extravasation of resin to achieve the target resin content in the final consolidated laminate parts. Void-free quality parts have been produced using the DVB process, which exhibited improved mechanical properties compared to the parts produced by the SVB process (Hou et al., 2006). 

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