Explosives, substitute

For the chlor-alkali industry, an emergency preparedness and response plan is mandatory for potential uncontrolled chlorine and other releases. Carbon tetrachloride is sometimes used to scrub nitrogen trichloride (formed in the process) and to maintain its levels below 4% to avoid fire and explosion. Substitutes for carbon tetrachloride may have to be used, as the use of carbon tetrachloride may be banned in the near future due to its carcinogenicity. 

Assuming 12% of the change in Helmholtz free energy is manifested in the explosion, substitution into the equation below provides the energy of the explosion ... 

EXPLOSIVES AND PROPELLANTS - EXPLOSIVES] (Vol 10) -substitution for hydrogen [NITRATION] (Vol 17)... 

Polymeric OC-Oxygen-Substituted Peroxides. Polymeric peroxides (3) are formed from the following reactions ketone and aldehydes with hydrogen peroxide, ozonization of unsaturated compounds, and dehydration of a-hydroxyalkyl hydroperoxides consequendy, a variety of polymeric peroxides of this type exist. Polymeric peroxides are generally viscous Hquids or amorphous soHds, are difficult to characterize, and are prone to explosive decomp o sition. 

Economic Aspects. Oxetanes are expensive monomers and are not readily available in commercial quantities. Commercial production of PBCMO has been discontinued its end uses were not able to support its comparatively high selling price. Energetic polymers prepared from appropriately substituted oxetanes have opened a new market for their use to prepare soHd rocket propeUants and explosives. Should this specialty market result in the large-scale production of these oxetanes even at current (1996) high prices and/or in a cheap synthetic route to oxetanes, this economic picture could change. 

The last group of substituted hydrocarbons produced by adding hydroxyl radicals to the hydrocarbon backbone are the compounds made when three hydroxyl radicals are substituted these are known as glycerols. The name of the simplest of this type of compound is just glycerol. Its molecular formula is 3115(011)3. Glycerol is a colorless, thick, syrupy liquid with a sweet taste, and has a flash point of 320°F, and is used to make such diverse products as candy and explosives, plus many more. Other glycerols are made, but most of them are not classified as hazardous materials. 

An important advance in dynamite was the substitution of ammonium nitrate for part of the nitroglycerin to produce a safer and less expensive explosive. Nobel made this new dynamite successful by devising gelatins that contained from 20 to 60 percent ammonium nitrate. Ammonium nitrate was too hygroscopic, hence, work began to develop a nongelatinous form., The solution, found in 1885, was coating ammonium nitrate with a little paraffin to produce a series of ammonia dynamites,... 

Myrol Explosives. Methyl nitrate (qv) and its mixts with methanol, benz, NB, etc found extensive application by Ger in WWII as ingredients of numerous liq, plastic and solid propints and expls. Some of these mixts were known as Ersatzsprengatoffe (substitute expls)... 

AN 76, N.S.N. 10, K nitrate 10, K perchlorate 2 resin 2% (2) Explosives patented by Distier, Blecher and Lopez (Refs 2 3) (a) AN 88 N.S.N. 12%. It is insensitive to shock or percussion and does not explode when heated to 200° or when ignited in an open flame, but detonates with considerable brisance when strongly initiated. The brisance may be reduced by substituting either K nitrate or Amm perchlorate for part of the AN. (b) AN 85,... 

Other expls prepd from surplus propints included Mining List No 35 Explosive NG with NC jelly 94 to 96, and 6 to 4 parts of a 50% aq soln of Ca nitrate (Refs 1 4) Mining List No 36 Explosive NG with NC jelly 97 to 99, and 3 to 1 parts of substituted urethanes (Refs 1 4)... 

Oxalate Blasting Powders. Mining safety expls invented in Eng) by Greaves and Hann in 1897— 98 and manufd by the Oxalate Blasting Powder Co at Gatebeck (Westmoreland), which later became the Nitrates Explosives Co, Ltd. These expls were a modification of BlkPdr in which sulfur was partially or entirely replaced by one or more of the following oxalic acid, oxalates of Aram, K or Na (simple or double), borax, boric acid, etc, each of which could contain w of hydration. The purpose of these substitutions was to obtain expls with a cool flame, so that they could be safely used in gaseous mines Refs 1) Daniel (1902), 592-3 2) Cond-... 

Tropylium salts are starting materials for the preparation of a wide range of substituted tropilidenes. The fluoborate is the salt of choice for work involving the tropylium ion because it is indefinitely stable, non-hygroscopic, and, unlike the perchlorate, non-explosive. Its preparation by this method avoids the use of... 

Muller et al. have also examined the enantioselectivity and the stereochemical course of copper-catalyzed intramolecular CH insertions of phenyl-iodonium ylides [34]. The decomposition of diazo compounds in the presence of transition metals leads to typical reactions for metal-carbenoid intermediates, such as cyclopropanations, insertions into X - H bonds, and formation of ylides with heteroatoms that have available lone pairs. Since diazo compounds are potentially explosive, toxic, and carcinogenic, the number of industrial applications is limited. Phenyliodonium ylides are potential substitutes for diazo compounds in metal-carbenoid reactions. Their photochemical, thermal, and transition-metal-catalyzed decompositions exhibit some similarities to those of diazo compounds. 

Direct fluorinations with elemental fluorine still are not feasible on an industrial scale today they are even problematic when carried out on a laboratory-scale [49-53]. This is caused by the difficulty of sustaining the electrophilic substitution path as the latter demands process conditions, in particular isothermal operation, which can hardly be realized using conventional equipment. As a consequence, uncontrolled additions and polymerizations usually dominate over substitution, in many cases causing large heat release which may even lead to explosions. 

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