Explosives consumption

Ammonium nitrate-based explosives account for about 97% of total U.S. industrial explosive consumption. Coal mining in the United States formed about 65—68% of the demand for explosives in 1991. The remaining uses were quarrying and nonmetal mining, 15% metal mining, 10% constmction, 7% miscellaneous uses, 3—4%. The properties of ammonium nitrate are given in Table 18 (173,239—242). 

Explosives Consumption. The apparent consumption of industrial expls in the US for 1972 was 2670 million pounds (about 1210 million kilograms). Apparent consumption of expls and blasting agents increased in all use categories except in construction and metal mining... 

Demand fluctuations are difficult to predict because of the variety of factors that influence fertilizer demand and farm economics in any given year. Demand from the explosives industry has been more stable. This is because demand from the coal mining industry accounts for two-thirds of total US explosives consumption. And coal production has grown from 1.06 billion tons per year in... 

Apart from eliminating risk to human life, utilisation of the presented manipulator Is going to decrease the shut-down period of the mine (due to Jams), thereby Increasing the productivity It would also reduce the present explosive consumption by 70Z thereby recovering the cost of the manipulator within one yearns time The manipulator can be used In other heavy duty mining operations also by changing the end effectors only ... 

Dust Filter. The cloth or bag dust filter is the oldest and often the most reHable of the many methods for removing dusts from an air stream. Among their advantages are high (often 99+%) collection efficiency, moderate pressure drop and power consumption, recovery of the dust in a dry and often reusable form, and no water to saturate the exhaust gases as when a wet scmbber is used. There are also numerous disadvantages maintenance for bag replacement can be expensive as well as a sometimes unpleasant task these filters are suitable only for low to moderate temperature use they cannot be used where Hquid condensation may occur they may be hazardous with combustible and explosive dusts and they are bulky, requiring considerable installation space. 

Apparent Consumption of Industrial Explosives andBlasting Agents in the United States Annual Mineral Industry Surveys. U.S. Dept, of Interior, Washington, D.C., 1989. 

Annual Proceedings of the Safety Seminars, Dept, of Defense, Explosive Safety Board, Washington, D.C. International symposia on explosives and closely related subjects are excellent sources of information, ie, international symposia on detonation symposia on combustion symposia on chemical problems connected with the stabiUty of explosives international pyrotechnics seminars symposia on compatibiUty of plastics and other materials with explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics, and processing of explosives, propellants, and ingredients and symposia on explosives and pyrotechnics Mineral Industy Surveys, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Periodic pubhcations dedicated primarily to explosive studies in Propellants and Explosives Journal of Ha yardous Materials, and apparent consumption of industrial explosives and blasting agents in the United States. 

A total of 15,000—17,000 t of resin is used aimuaHy. Polycarbonate also has many technical uses in instmment panels and devices, especiaHy for membrane switches and insulators. Optical quaHty polycarbonate is the only suitable material for the compact disk market. Since their introduction in 1983, compact disks have shown explosive growth in the consumption of polycarbonate, with utiHty for audio, video, and computer appHcations. Consumption of optical quaHty resin more than doubled between 1988 and 1992, and as of 1995 accounted for about 20,000 t of annual production. 

Capacity, Production, and Consumption. Ammonia production has worldwide significance about 85% of the ammonia produced is used for nitrogen fertilizers. As the primary source of fertilizer nitrogen, it is key to solving world food production requkements. The remaining 15% goes into various industrial products such as fibers, animal feeds, explosives, etc. 

Economic Aspects and Uses. Before World War II most ammonium nitrate was used as an ingredient in high explosives. Subsequently its use as a fertilizer grew rapidly, absorbing about 90% of production in 1975. Consumption of ammonium nitrate for all uses peaked in the United States in 1981 at 8.95 million metric tons in 1986, apparent consumption dropped to only 6.31 million metric tons, of which 75% was used as fertilizer. By 1990, consumption had risen slightly to 6.64 million metric tons total annual U.S. capacity in 1990 was 7.77 million metric tons. World ammonium nitrate capacity in 1985 was about 66 million metric tons, whereas reported consumption was about 44 million metric tons. 

Hydroxylamine sulfate is produced by direct hydrogen reduction of nitric oxide over platinum catalyst in the presence of sulfuric acid. Only 0.9 kg ammonium sulfate is produced per kilogram of caprolactam, but at the expense of hydrogen consumption (11). A concentrated nitric oxide stream is obtained by catalytic oxidation of ammonia with oxygen. Steam is used as a diluent in order to avoid operating within the explosive limits for the system. The oxidation is followed by condensation of the steam. The net reaction is... 

Nitrous gases originating from the combustion units in nitric acid plants carry small amounts of unreacted ammonia, NH3. The ammonia may react with the nitrous gas to form microscopic particles of ammonium nitrate that adhere to solid surfaces. Within a short time, there is a growing layer of ammonium nitrate salt covering the internal surface of the nitrous gas compressor (Figure 4-27). This layer can obstruct the flow passages because it tends to increase the power consumption, provoke excessive vibrations, and even present a safety hazard since ammonium nitrate explosions can occur. 

The annual consumption of 70% HCIO4 is about 450 tonnes mainly for making other perchlorates. Most of the NaClOa produced is used captively to make NH4CIO4 and HCIO4. but about 725 tpa is used for explosives, particularly in slurry blasting formulations. 

The total consumption type of burner consists of three concentric tubes as shown in Fig. 21.5. The sample solution is carried by a fine capillary tube A directly into the flame. The fuel gas and the oxidant gas are carried along separate tubes so that they only mix at the tip of the burner. Since all the liquid sample which is aspirated by the capillary tube reaches the flame, it would appear that this type of burner should be more efficient that the pre-mix type of burner. However, the total consumption burner gives a flame of relatively short path length, and hence such burners are predominantly used for flame emission studies. This type of burner has the advantages that (1) it is simple to manufacture, (2) it allows a totally representative sample to reach the flame, and (3) it is free from explosion hazards arising from unbumt gas mixtures. Its disadvantages are that (1) the aspiration rate varies with different solvents, and (2) there is a tendency for incrustations to form at the tip of the burner which can lead to variations in the signal recorded. 

Adler, J. and Enig, J.W., 1964, The Critical Conditions in Thermal Explosion Theory with Reactant Consumption, Combustion and Flame 8, 97. 

The most complete set of statistics is that published in the United States of America, which showed a total consumption of industrial explosives in 1977 of 1 680 000 tonnes. Details of the types of explosives consumed and the industries using the products are given in Tables 1.2 and 1.3 respectively. 

An attempt to chlorinate xylene with the dichlorohy dantoin caused a violent explosion [1], The haloimide undergoes immediate self accelerating decomposition in presence of solvents. Safe conditions (including lower temperatures and progressive addition of reagent to match its consumption) can be developed for its use [2],... 

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