Explosion performances

Kamlet, M.J. and Adolph, H.G., Some Comments Regarding the Sensitivities, Thermal Stabilities, and Explosive Performance Characteristics of Fluorodi-nitromethyl Compounds, in Seventh Symposium (International) on Detonation, NSWC MP 82-334 (edited by Short, J.M.), Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak, Silver Spring, MD, 1982, pp. 84-92. 

Water on Explosive Performance as Measured by The Lidestone Cartridge Case Test , Royal Armament Research and Development Establishment Memo 55, 38/72 (1972) 55) R.J.J. 

Table 5 — PBX Type Explosives — Performance Data (continued)... 

Los Alamos Explosives Performance Data. Hrsg. Mader, Ch. I lohnson, J. N.,... 

LLNL Explosives Handbook Properties of Chemical Explosives and Explosive Simulants, Hrsg. Brigitta M. Dobratz, UCLR-52997, Livermore, California 1981 erhaltlich bei National Technical Information Service, US Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161, USA Los Alamos Explosives Performance Data, Hrsg. Mader, Ch.L, Johnson, J.N. und Crane, Sh.L., University of California Press, Berkeley, California 1982... 

The peroxyacids were until relatively recently the most powerful oxidants of all organic peroxides, and it is often unnecessary to isolate them from the mixture of carboxylic acid and hydrogen peroxide used to generate them. The pine lower aliphatic members are explosive (performic, particularly) at high, but not low concentrations, being sensitive to heat but not usually to shock. Dipicolinic acid or phosphates have been used to stabilise these solutions. The detonable limits of peroxyacid solutions can be plotted by extrapolation from known data. Aromatic peroxyacids are generally more stable, particularly if ring substituents are present [1],... 

The unusual danger to pubHc safety in the case of peroxide explosives is not their explosive performance but their ease of initiation and the ease with which terrorists have acquired and used the materials for their synthesis, although synthesis is actually quite hazardous. Both TATP and HMTD are classed as primary explosives. For example, Richard Reid, the would-be shoe bomber, used TATP as part of his firing train in the attempted bombing of a US airfiner in December 2001, or the use of HMTD in the London bombings of 7 July 2005. HMTD was also one of the materials prepared and carried over the US/Canadian border in December 1999 by Ahmed Ressam as the ingredient for the initiators of his devices. 

Bombs shatter and scatter the scene debris will contain fragments of the explosive device, any container in which it was held, and also the remains of items which were in immediate proximity. The size of such fragments wiU depend on the explosive performance and device size, as will the degree of fragment scatter and the chance of recovery of evidentially significant items. A preHminary search should be made to identify and recover any obvious evidential items. Arrangements should then be made to recover the bomb scene debris for more detailed searching. 

Fluoro-2,2-dinitroethanol, the methylol derivative of fluorodinitromethane, has been used extensively for the synthesis of fluorodinitromethyl compounds. The fluorine atom is similar in size to that of a proton and so rotation in the fluorodinitromethyl group is much less hindered compared to the trinitromethyl group. Consequently, these compounds are far less sensitive to impact than trinitromethyl compounds but only slightly less energetic. The explosive performance of fluorodinitromethyl compounds has been reviewed. ... 

The weakest bonds in an explosive will often determine its sensitivity to impact and such bonds are usually present in the explosophoric groups. Steric and electronic factors also play an important role. Unsurprisingly, factors which increase explosive performance usually have a detrimental effect on stability and sensitivity, and so a compromise must be made. As the database of energetic materials and their properties is ever increasing this task becomes... 

Octanitrocubane (ONC) has a density of 1.979 g/cm, a calculated heat of formation of 594 kJ/mol, and a decomposition temperature above 200 °C. The explosive performance of octanitrocubane (41) from theoretical calculations is predicted to be exdemely high. The most recent theoretical estimate "" of VOD is 9900 m/s, making this compound one of the most powerful explosives synthesized to date. Surprisingly, the density of heptanitrocubane... 

The furoxan ring is a highly energetic heterocycle whose introduction into organic compounds is a known strategy for increasing crystal density and improving explosive performance. 

Analyses of the structures and properties of a large number of energetic materials reveal that a combination of amino and nitro groups in a molecule often leads to better thermal stability, lower sensitivity to shock and impact, and increased explosive performance because of an increase in crystal density. Such observations are attributed to both intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions between adjacent amino and nitro groups. Some modern triazole-based explosives have been designed and synthesized with this in mind. 

Al,A -Bis(l,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-4,4 -diamino-2,2, 3,3, 5,5, 6,6 -octanitroazobenzene (BTDAONAB) (105) has recently been synthesized by Agrawal and co-workers by tandem nitration-oxidative coupling of 4-chloro-3,5-dinitroaniline (103) followed by displacement of the chloro groups with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. This is a thermally stable explosive with some impressive properties, exceeding TATB in both thermal stability and explosive performance (VOD 8321 m/s, d = 1.97 g/cm ). This compound doesn t melt and the DTA exotherm is not seen until 550 °C. 

Tetrazine-based explosives are often highly energetic. The high nitrogen content of such compounds often results in high crystal density and explosive performance. 3,6-Diamino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (198) is a starting material for the synthesis of other 1,2,4,5-tetrazines and is itself synthesized from the condensation of triaminoguanidine hydrochloride (195)... 

With the size requirement in mind, let us consider the types of materials that may be explosive. The U.S. Department of Transportation (DoT) provides some guidance, specifying characteristics that, if met, require a material to be screened for explosive performance (see Table 2.2). 

Explosive Performance, Comparison of Two Methods for Its Evaluation. Until, the middle of 1950 s, the choice of expls for blasting a particular rock was made on the basis of the following methods a) Trial and error gained from previous experience in similar rocks b) Calculation of meaningful performance parameters of expls from their chemical compns by means of laws of thermochemistry or thermodynamics or c) Laboratory determination of expl characteristics... 

S.J. Porter W.I. Duvall, Comparison of Two Methods for Evaluating Explosive Performance , Intnl Symp Mining Research, Rolla, Mo, Feb 1961... 

MN) D.P. Lindstone, "The Assessment of Explosive Performance by Means of a Cartridge Case Deformation Test", Explosiv-stoffe 17(9), 193—201(1969). Abstracted in Expls Pyrots 3(8), 1970 [Two-gram charges are fired in brass small-arms cartridge cases (cal. 303) and results compared with a cartridge in which a 2-g "standard" was fired]... 

H.R. Nicholls W.I. Duvall, USBurMines-Reptlnvest No 6806, 22pp(1966) CA 66, 3785(1967) (Effect of charge diameter on explosive performance) (A study was made of the effect of varying the diam of expl chges... 

HMX-based PBXs were developed for projectiles and lunar seismic experiments during the 1960s and early 1970s using Teflon (polytetra-fluoroethylene) as the binder. PBXs based on RDX and RDX/PETN have also been developed and are known as Semtex. Development is continuing in this area to produce PBXs which contain polymers that are energetic and will contribute to the explosive performance of the... 

Pyrotechnics are very similar to explosive and propellant compositions. Explosives perform at the highest speed of reaction producing gaseous products, propellants are gas generators and perform at a slower speed than explosives, and pyrotechnics react at visibly observable rates with the formation of solid residues. 

Rock Breakage Using Explosives. See under Explosive Performance, Comparison of Two Methods for Its Evaluation in Vol 6, E424-R to E429-R... 

Keywords ETN Erythritol tetranitrate Explosive Performance Cylinder test... 

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