Explosophoric group

Looking for and identifying explosophoric groups and potential aggravating-/attenuating structural factors. 

The weakest bonds in an explosive will often determine its sensitivity to impact and such bonds are usually present in the explosophoric groups. Steric and electronic factors also play an important role. Unsurprisingly, factors which increase explosive performance usually have a detrimental effect on stability and sensitivity, and so a compromise must be made. As the database of energetic materials and their properties is ever increasing this task becomes... 

Displacements with azido anion are tolerant of many pre-existing explosophoric groups but the nitrate ester group readily undergoes displacement as seen for the synthesis of bis(2-azidoethyl)nitramine (13) from Ai-nitrodiethanolamine dinitrate (12) (DINA). " ... 

It has been usual practice to introduce such explosophoric groups in the structure of a molecule with the use of conventional nitrating agents such as absolute nitric acid, sulfuric acid-nitric acid, acetic anhydride-nitric acid, ammonium nitrate-acetic anhydride-nitric acid... 

The dependence type found corresponds well with the ideas about initiation of crystalline materials by impact or shock [101,103,104] (see also Refs. [26,47] and quotations herein) when a molecular crystal receives shock or impact, lattice vibrations (phonons) are excited at first. The phonon energy must then be converted into bond stretching frequencies (vibrons) with subsequent spontaneous localisation of vibrational energy in the nitro (explosophore) groupings [105,106] and then with consequential bond breaking. Conclusions of this type also correspond to an older simplified idea formulated by Bernard [107,108] on the basis of the kinetic theory of detonation the only explosophore groups should be compressed ahead of the shock wave as a result of the activation of explosive molecules. 

The nitro group, whether attached to aromatic or aliphatic carbon, is probably the most widely studied of the functional groups and this is in part attributed to its use as an explosophore in many energetic materials. The chemistry of the nitro group has been extensively reviewed in several excellent works including in a functional group series. " ... 

Many energetic componnds have been reported where the azido group is in conjunction with another explosophore . This has been a popular approach to new energetic materials. 2-Azidoethyl nitrate, an explosive resembling nitroglycerine (NG) in its properties, was synthesized some time ago from the reaction of 2-chloroethanol with sodium azide followed by G-nitration of the product, 2-azidoethanol, with nitric acid. °... 

All the terms discussed so far try to classify an explosive from its physical or explosive properties. The classification of explosives from a chemical viewpoint is of course more relevant to this book. Explosives can be classified according to the functionality they contain, and in particularly, the functional groups that impart explosive properties to a compound. Piets (Zh. Obshch. Khim., 1953, 5, 173) divided explosives into the following eight classes depending on the groups they contained each group is known as an explosophore . 

According to the Pletz theory the expl props of any given substance depend upon the presence of definite structural groupings called explosophores, while the auxoexploses modify or fortify the expl props brought about by explosophores... 

This heterocyclic structure is an unusual molecule, having an interesting mixt of aromatic-aliphatic properties. It is considered as an explosophoric of possible great use, however with less power than tetrazole. A representative group of the expl derivatives of thiophene are presented below... 

According to Piets the explosive properties of any substance depend upon the presence of definite structural groupings, called explosophores. The auxoploses fortify or modify the explosive properties conferred by the explosophore. Piets... 

On the basis of this theory Pletz examined eleven classes of organic compds and subdivided all expls into the following eight classes contg explosophores a)—NO, and -ONO, groups connected to inorg or org radicals [eg HNO, C(N0,),... 

The homol3d ic fragmentations or reactions of the C-NO2, N-NO2, N-NO, and O-NO2 groupings, or other bearers of explosibility (i.e. explosophores), are common primary fission processes of energetic materials under thermal [1-18], impact [1,3,4,6,16,19-27], shock [1,6,18,19,20,24,26-32] and electric spark stimuli [5, 32-36]. Therefore, it is natural that relationships exist between characteristics of low-temperature thermal decomposition and impact [6,37,38] or electric spark [35,39,47] sensitivities and also detonation characteristics [26,40-48,50] of pol3mitro compounds. 

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