Performance of explosives

A wide variety of procedures have been developed to evaluate the performance of explosives. These include experimental methods as well as calculations based on available energy of the explosives and the reactions that take place on initiation. Both experimental and calculational procedures utilize electronic instmmentation and computer codes to provide estimates of performance in the laboratory and the field. 

The writer has also dealt in greater detail than many authors would on the more fundamental aspects of his subject. He believes that the reader will be more interested in understanding the bases of the design and performance of explosives than in learning details of individual compounds or devices. If readers consider that the balance is wrong, the writer can only plead that there are no comparable books on the subject with which comparison could be made. 

Evaluation of the Performance of Explosives , International Symposium on Mining Research Rolla, Missouri, Feb 1961 7) T.C- Atchison,... 

Pression iecifique (Fr for Force of an Explosive), This is an arbitrary value proposed by Sarrau for the estimation of the performance of explosives. The value may be calculated from the equation given in Marshall 2(1917), p 467, as follows ... 

The above observations regarding the sensitivity of N, M, and Q and the relative insensitivity of to exact compositions of products from individual explosives lead to a variety of interesting observations. These involve (a) the present, calculational method (b) the ruby code and similar computer-based methods of calculation (c) effects of equilibria on actual detonation properties and, eventually, on damage effects and (d) methods which are widely used to intercompare the predicted performance of explosives. 

There are three general approaches to enhance density and thus performance of explosives ... 

An overview of the important characteristics of explosives is given in Chapter 1. With the advent of various modeling techniques, much information concerning any given explosive can be obtained by theoretically calculating its properties. This information is valuable but indicative as calculations predict performance, which an explosive may have under ideal conditions. In practise, such perfection is never achieved and it is a matter of practical importance to assess their properties experimentally under conditions more appropriate to their use. Such an assessment is usually made by a series of tests chosen to determine the performance of explosives under various conditions. While these tests are of considerable value, it must be remembered that no laboratory test or series of tests can predict precisely the performance of explosives which may be used for widely varying purposes. The ultimate test for all explosives is their performance in the field. 

Beryllium has the highest heat of combustion of the solid elements, followed by boron and aluminium. Aluminium is a relatively cheap and useful element, and is used to increase the performance of explosive compositions, such as aluminized ammonium nitrate and aluminized... 

A further step in the classification of explosives was made by Lothrop and Handrick [3]. They collected and classified all the available information on the performance of explosives and related it to four factors oxygen balance, ploso-phoric groups, auxoplosive groups, heat of explosion. 

Thermodynamic and Energy Release Evaluation Program", ASTM DS51 (1974) b) Mitsuru Arai, Kazuhiro Tohyama, Masamitsu Tamura, Tadao Yoshida, "Correlations between CHETAH Decomposition Heats and Performances of Explosive Compounds", Kogyo Kayaku (J. Ind. Explosive Soc. Japan), 41, 293 (1980)... 

Key characteristics of underwater explosion phenomena which are used to evaluate the performance of explosives are a) shock wave ... 

When we consider the heat of explosion (QC J), the detonation pressure (pC-j) and the detonation velocity (D) as a measure that determines the performance of explosives, then Figure 12.1 shows that large advances have been made since the development of nitroglycerine. 

Fig. 12.1 Performance of explosives (Q, heat of explosion D, detonation velocity p, C-J detonation pressure).

The calculated detonation velocities for the second generation of nitrogen-rich compounds (which are one of the criteria for the performance of explosives) are not only better than those of the first generation, but in the case of HAT-DN it is even better than the values for RDX and HMX (Fig. 12.5). 

Evaluation of the Performance of Explosives , Intetnational Symposium on Mining Research Rolla, Missouri, Feb I96I 7) T.C- Atchison, S.). Porter W.I. Duvall, Comparison of Two Methods for Evaluating Explosive Performance , Intnl Symp Mining Research, Rolla, Mo, Feb 1961... 

Of interest are some correlations which Cook tentatively established between theoretical detonation and explosion results and the practical performance of explosives. For a group of primary and near-primary explosives (lead azide, mercury fulminate, and six CHNO explosives), he found a correlation between the probable order of ease of transition from deflagration to detonation and adiabatic explosion temperature. Moreover, he noted a rough correlation between the effectiveness of a primary explosive as a detonator (its ability to transfer detonation to a secondary explosive) and the C-J pressure [130]. 

A BKW equation of state in a one-dimensional hydrodynamic simulation of the cylinder test can be used to estimate the performance of explosives. Using this approach, the novel explosive 3,6-diamino-l,2,5,6-tetrazine 1,4-dioxide has been analyzed . 

To take the further research on the effect of explosion suppression of HS machine, the test 3 was carried out. Two CH4-2 machines were set along the longitudinal of roadway to detect the performance of explosion suppression. One CH4-2 machine was set in the 7 m distance from blind end of testing gallery, while the other was set in the 12 m distance from blind end of testing gallery. In addition, plastic film was used to build an enclosed space in the distance of 12 m from blind end, which was evenly filled with 65 m of mixed gas containing CH and air. Meanwhile,... 

Performance of explosives can be defined on the basis of heat of explosion, Q, by equation [138] ... 

All the above descriptions are based on an ideal blast wave in ideal atmospheric conditions unfortunately, nothing is perfect, especially meteorological conditions, which can greatly alter the expected performances of explosions, either increasing them or decreasing them. 

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