Steel refinement

Nickel Steel Low-carbon 9 percent nickel steel is a ferritic alloy developed for use in cryogenic equipment operating as low as —I95°C (—320°F). ASTM specifications A 300 and A 353 cover low-carbon 9 percent nickel steel (A 300 is the basic specification for low-temperature ferritic steels). Refinements in welding and (ASME code-approved) ehmination of postweld thermal treatments make 9 percent steel competitive with many low-cost materials used at low temperatures. 

Garbstahl, Garbstahl, m. shear steel, refined iron. 

Raffiuier-feuer, n., -herd, -ofen, m. refining furnace, refinery, -gesellschaft, /. refining company. -schlacke, /. refinery siag. -Stahl, m. refined steel, refined iron. 

Uses of Nitric Acid. The primary use of nitric acid is for the production of ammonium nitrate for fertilizers. A second major use of nitric acid is in the field of explosives. It is also a nitrating agent for aromatic and paraffinic compounds, which are useful intermediates in the dye and explosive industries. It is also used in steel refining and in uranium extraction. 

Wood chips are passed through a narrow gap of a double-disc steel refiner consisting of stationary and rotating plates having serrated surfaces. This process results in the mechanical separation of fibers that are subsequently frayed for bonding. The strength of the refiner pulp is better than that of ground-wood pulps. 

Nitric acid has a number of other industrial applications. It is used for pickling stainless steels, steel refining, and in the manufacture of dyes, plastics and synthetic fibres. Most of the methods used for the recovery of uranium, such as ion exchange and solvent extraction, use nitric acid. A full breakdown of the uses and applications of nitric acid is included in Ref. G6. 

In a steel refining process, molten steel eventually comes into equilibrium with slag and gas phases coexisting in the furnace. The furnace can be considered as a closed system. The species identified in each phase are given in the following ... 

Liquid-phase carbonization occurs for some precursors, such as pitches, which become viscous fluids before carbonization. This process has been used to produce various polycrystalline graphite blocks for steel refining and electrical discharge machining, jigs for the growth of semiconductor crystals, structural components of nuclear reactor, etc. 

Needle-like coke has been widely used for the industrial production of graphite electrodes for steel refining. The changes in transverse magnetoresistance (Ap/p0) with the rotation angles 9 and 9 of the magnetic held along and perpendicular to the axis of a needle-like particle (TL and T... 

ZrB2 is useful as a crucible material for metal melts because of its excellent corrosion resistance. It is also used in Hall-Heroult cells (for A1 production) as a cathode and in steel refining where it is used as thermowell tubes. 

Argon Oxygen Decarburisation (AOD) converter for steel refining... 

If an AOD converter is used for steel refining, BAT is to extract and collect the exhaust gas using a roof canopy. 

The need for high temperature materials that can operate with no or limited oxidation or ablation at temperatures greater than 3000K has driven the development of UHTC materials. The potential applications for UHTCs span a wide number of needs arising from future military, industrial and space based projects. Potential industrial applications for UHTCs include use in foundry or refractory processing of materials. Their chemical inertness makes them ideal for molten metal crucibles, thermowell tubes for steel refining and as parts for electrical devices such as heaters and igniters. ... 

Of these, only three are really important to the steel/ refining industry. They are ... 

In steel refining processes, gas is often injected into the bath through multi-nozzles or multi-tuyers in order to enhance mixing, chemical reaction rates, and inclusion removal effieiently [34,35]. If the nozzles are placed adjacent to one another. 

Steel refining silicates/ carbonates silicates/ carbonates silicates/carbonates... 

There are more complex definitions of acidity and basicity for high-temperature chemistry than those given above. For example, in steel refining, the term V -ratio is used where a ratio exceeding 1.0 implies a basic chemistry (usually a basic slag chemistry), and a ratio below 1.0 implies an acid chemistry. In definitions of this sort, the V-ratio can be expressed in terms such as the following ... 

Carbides are binary compounds in which carbon is the more electronegative partner. We shall come across silicon carbide, SiC, again later when we look at the chemistry of silicon this is a very hard material, manufactured in large amounts as an abrasive known as carborundum. Its hardness can be accounted for by the fact that its crystal structure is the same as that of diamond, with alternate carbon atoms replaced by silicon (Figure 10.13). A major industrial use of SiC is in steel refining where its addition to the molten metal removes metal oxide impurities with production of CO and a silicate slag, which is skimmed off. 

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