Exhalations

Humans exude about 90 mg/day of volatile fatty acids ia exhaled breath and perspiration, 80% of which is acetic acid (73). In a confined environment, as much as 15—20 mg/m can accumulate and such concentrations can become serious ia submatines or space capsules. 

The unusual physical complaints and findings in workers overexposed to teUurium include somnolence, anorexia, nausea, perspiration, a metallic taste in the mouth and garlic-like odor on the breath (48). The unpleasant odor, attributed to the formation of dimethyl teUuride, has not been associated with any adverse health symptoms. Tellurium compounds and metaboUc products have been identified in exhaled breath, sweat, urine, and feces. Elimination is relatively slow and continuous exposure may result in some accumulation. No definite pathological effects have been observed beyond the physical complaints outlined. Unlike selenium, teUurium has not been proved to be an essential biological trace element. 

Puffer technique (a puffer identifies the exhaling of gas forcibly by compression)... 

Perchloroethylene in end-exhaled air Prior to last shift of workweek 5 ppm ... 

Cleaning solutions Tobacco smoke Air-conditioning systems Water treatment Humidifiers Disinfectants Exhaled breath Vehicle exhausts Smoking chimneys Portable heaters Tobacco smoke Gas cookers Gas and oil heaters... 

Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) mixture of smoke from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar and smoke exhaled by the smoker (also secondhand smoke or passive smoking). 

Figures 9-16 and 9-17 show an example of a FF APR with a different type of eartridges that ean be used. The eireular strueture below the faeepieee window with the eross on it houses the exhalation valve and is not a eartridge holder.

Forced vital capacity (FVC) quantifies the maximum air volume expired following a maximal inspiration and is one of the basic measures of analyzing flow changes such as reduced airway patency observed in asthma. To measure FVC, an individual inhales maximally and then exhales as rapidly and completely as possible. FVC primarily reflects the elastic properties of the respiratory tract. The gas volume forcibly expired within a given time interval, FEV (where t is typically one second, FEVj q)... 

The kinetic properties of chemical compounds include their absorption and distribution in the body, theit biotransformation to more soluble forms through metabolic processes in the liver and other metabolic organs, and the excretion of the metabolites in the urine, the bile, the exhaled air, and in the saliva. An important issue in toxicokinetics deals with the formation of reactive toxic intermediates during phase I metabolic reactions (see. Section 5.3.3). 

The rate of elimination of a chemical compound from the body is usually proportional to the amount of the chemical in the body. Elimination processes include biotransformation, exhalation, and excretion in the urine, bile, saliva, and sweat, and even in the hair and nails. The first-order... 

Carbon dioxide production The quantity of carbon dioxide exhaled from the human body, depends on the metabolic rate. 

Respirable particles Particulate matter of such a size that it can pass through the body defences and into the lungs, where, depending on its nature, it will either deposit itself or be exhaled. 

Spirometry A test method used to evaluate lung function that measures volume of exhaled air passing through a tube during a given time. 

Tidal volume The volume of gas inhaled or exhaled during each cycle of breathing. 

Well-fed human adults exhale about 1 kg of CO9 daily. Imagine die excretory problem if CO9 were not a voladle gasi... 

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase promotes the hydration of COg. Many of the protons formed upon ionization of carbonic acid are picked up by Hb as Og dissociates. The bicarbonate ions are transported with the blood back to the lungs. When Hb becomes oxygenated again in the lungs, H is released and reacts with HCO3 to re-form HgCOj, from which COg is liberated. The COg is then exhaled as a gas. 

Ausdiinstung, Ausdunstung,/. evaporation exhalation transpiration perepiration emanation, vapor. 

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