Puffer technique

Puffer technique (a puffer identifies the exhaling of gas forcibly by compression)... 

Figure 19.17 Sequence of arc extinction through the puffer technique in an SF breaker through the cross-section of a pole (Courtesy NGEF Ltd.)...

In lower voltage ratings, as noted above, the puffer technique is quite prevalent and is adopted by all leading manufacturers. For constructional details and more information on this mechanism, refer to the manufacturers catalogues. Figure 19.18 illustrates a typical pole assembly of a 12 kV, SFft circuit breaker. 

Destabilization of the arc plasma is achieved by forced convection of gas created by the movement of the main and arcing contacts through a puffer piston. This is an integral part of the moving main and arcing contacts (both being concentric). In the light of more advanced techniques of arc extinction now available, the manufacture of such breaker is now limited to about 145 kV. 

B. Method of Species Identity for Puffer by Genome Techniques... 

IR spectrometry is the analytical technique for determination of functional groups of TTX. IR spectra of TTX are measured in a KBr pellet, using a JASCO model IR-S spectrophotometer (Tokyo) (Onoue et ah, 1984). Figure 11 represents an IR spectrum of puffer toxin, showing characteristic absorption in 3360 (OH), 3200,1660 (guanidium), 1610 (COO", and 1075 cm ... 

B. METHOD OF SPECIES IDENTITY FOR PUFFER BY GENOME TECHNIQUES... 

Species identification of seafood product is important for the implementation of the labeling regulations as set by many countries. These regulations to prevent the substitution of some commercially important fish can be effectively achieved when species-specific data of all fish species are available. Genome and protein techniques are the two valuable methodologies that can be used for fish species identification. These methods can prevent adulteration of toxic puffer species as nontoxic puffer one. Hence, the development of genome and protein techniques for effective identification of puffer species is critically needed. 

Chen, T.Y., Shiau, C.Y., Noguchi, T., Wei, C.I., and Hwang, D.F. 2003. Identification of puffer fish species by native isolelectric focusing technique. Food Chem. 83, 475-479. 

Mahmud, Y., Arakawa, O., Ichinose, A., Tanu, M.B., Takatni, T., Tsuruda, K., Kawatsu, K., Hamano, Y., and Noguchi, T. 2003a. Intracelluar visualization of tetrodotoxin TTX in the skin of a puffer Tetraodon nigroviridus by immunoenzymatic technique. ToxiconAl, 605-611. 

Puffers, on the other hand, pursued riches through the technique of transmutation and leaned toward showy, seemingly magical methods. Puffers got their name through the constant use of bellows in their practices. They used different types of furnaces and the ever-present bellows along with special fuels of oil, wax, pitch, peat, and animal dung. The common thought was that the hotter the fire, the quicker the transmutation. 

Alchemical theory and practice changed little in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The true alchemists, or adepts, were becoming increasingly concerned with their own spiritual perfection. They believed that the achievement of this end would be symbolised by the ability to make gold, and they called their endeavour the Great Work. At the other end of the scale were the puffers, who incessantly pursued the goal of fabulous riches, which would ensue once the technique of transmutation had been mastered. 

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