Excel COUNT

The specific activities of the different radiomethylated milk proteins varied between 3 and 4.4 pC /mg. This degree of labeling, resulting from the use of 14C-HCHO of high specific activity, allows the proteins to be used as true tracers. For example, the addition of 1 mg of labeled protein with a specific activity of 4 /xCi/mg to a liter of milk should provide excellent counting statistics on less than 0.5 mL of the milk. Also in the experiments on the plasminolysis of /3-casein, the radioactive /3-casein was diluted 100-300-fold with cold /3-casein before experimenta-... 

The second term of eq. (5.51) is a function of (1 -Ep), which will be reduced considerably in the use of a high efficiency detector, and excellent counting statistics are obtained in a short measuring time. This is another advantageous future use of the 4ti P y coincidence method. 

Isotopic. Iron-55 is an electron-capture isotope with a half-life of 2.94 years. Iron-59 is a mixed /3-7 emitter the main radiations of which areO.27 M.e.v. 8 (46%), 0.46M.e.v. /8 (54%), 1.10 M.e.v. 7 (57%), and 1.29 M.e.v. 7 (43%). The half-life of Fe is 45.1 days. The radioactive samples are most readily assayed with a standard thin-mica-window Geiger counter which will detect mainly the Fe /3-particles. Decomposition of ferrocene and ferricinium salts in a boiling mixture of four parts by volume of concentrated nitric acid and one part of 75% perchloric acid and the subsequent electrodeposition of iron on copper disks gives samples which exhibit excellent counting reproducibility. 

Nevertheless, although the nonsedating H antihistamines have substantially improved the acceptabiUty and clinical efficacy of this class of compounds, these do not provide complete rehef eye disease responds less well than nasal disease, of the rhinitis symptoms nasal congestion responds poorly, breakthrough symptoms occur at high poUen counts, and only some 70% of patients report excellent to good treatment responses. Considerable research therefore still continues in the H antihistamine field. New antihistamines are continually being introduced. 

Type of Data In general, statistics deals with two types of data counts and measurements. Counts represent the number of discrete outcomes, such as the number of defective parts in a shipment, the number of lost-time accidents, and so forth. Measurement data are treated as a continuum. For example, the tensile strength of a synthetic yarn theoretically could be measured to any degree of precision. A subtle aspect associated with count and measurement data is that some types of count data can be dealt with through the application of techniques which have been developed for measurement data alone. This abihty is due to the fact that some simphfied measurement statistics sei ve as an excellent approximation for the more tedious count statistics. 

But they all oxidise very rapidly indeed (see Table 21.2), and are utterly useless without coatings. The problem with coated refractory metals is, that if a break occurs in the coating (e.g. by thermal fatigue, or erosion by dust particles, etc.), catastrophic oxidation of the underlying metal will take place, leading to rapid failure. The unsafeness of this situation is a major problem that has to be solved before we can use these on-other-counts potentially excellent materials. 

Table 8-2 contains unpublished results fron the authors laboratory that illustrate the effectiveness of pulse-height selection in the determination of light elements. In the case of silicon, the background was due mainly to scattered x-rays. In the case of sulfur, multiplier phototube noise was also present. The counting interval was 10 seconds for Nt (total count) and for Nb (background). The excellent results for sulfur could not have been obtained had there not been careful and fortunate selection of the multiplier phototube. 

The instrument has been evaluated by Luster, Whitman, and Fauth (Ref 20). They selected atomized Al, AP and NGu as materials for study that would be representative of proplnt ingredients. They found that only 2000 particles could be counted in 2 hours, a time arbitrarily chosen as feasible for control work. This number is not considered sufficient, as 18,000 particles are required for a 95% confidence level. Statistical analysis of results obtained for AP was impossible because of discrepancies In the data resulting from crystal growth and particle agglomeration. The sample of NGu could not be handled by the instrument because it consisted of a mixt of needles and chunky particles. They concluded that for dimensionally stable materials such as Al or carborundum, excellent agreement was found with other methods such as the Micromerograph or visual microscopic count. But because of the properties peculiar to AP and NGu, the Flying Spot Particle Resolver was not believed suitable for process control of these materials... 

Inspection of the death curves obtained from viable count data had early ehcited the idea that because there was usually an approximate, and under some circumstances a quite excellent, linear relationship between the logarithm of the number of survivors and time, then the disinfection process was comparable to a unimolecular reaction. This imphed that the rate of killing was a function of the amount of one of the participants in the reaction only, i.e. in the case of the disinfection process the number of viable cells. From this observation there followed the notion that the principles of first-order... 

Early work relied on the use of packed columns, but all modern GC analyses are accomplished using capillary columns with their higher theoretical plate counts and resolution and improved sensitivity. Although a variety of analytical columns have been employed for the GC of triazine compounds, the columns most often used are fused-silica capillary columns coated with 5% phenyl-95% methylpolysiloxane. These nonpolar columns in conjunction with the appropriate temperature and pressure programming and pressure pulse spiking techniques provide excellent separation and sensitivity for the triazine compounds. Typically, columns of 30 m x 0.25-mm i.d. and 0.25-qm film thickness are used of which numerous versions are commercially available (e.g., DB-5, HP-5, SP-5, CP-Sil 8 CB, etc.). Of course, the column selected must be considered in conjunction with the overall design and goals of the particular study. 

WDSs have excellent resolving power, and the peak-to-background ratio of each line is much higher than can be achieved with a crystal detector. With a suitable crystal of large lattice spacing it is possible to detect and count X-rays as soft as boron K or even beryllium K , and this type of spectrometer is widely used when... 

His wife, Marie-Anne, studied drawing with the great painter Jacques-Louis David in order to transcribe her husband s laboratory notes and illustrate them. David s ravishing portrait of the Lavoisiers hangs in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. The son of Marie-Anne s longtime lover founded the E. I. Du Pont de Nemours Corporation in Delaware. Marie-Anne later married the American physicist, Benjamin Thomson. Later ennobled as the Count of Rumford, Thomson demonstrated the mechanical nature of heat. Marie-Anne had an excellent eye for scientific talent. 

In wide field microscopy, spatial information of the entire image is acquired simultaneously thus providing comparatively short acquisition times compared with scanning microscopy implementations. Combining TCSPC with wide field microscopy is not straightforward. However, a four quadrant anode multichannel plate (MCP) has been used for time- and space-correlated SPC experiments [25, 26]. This detector has excellent timing properties that make it very suitable for FLIM. Unfortunately, it can be operated only at low count-rates ( 105-106 Hz) therefore, it requires comparatively long acquisition times (minutes). 

In practical applications, dispersion calculations need to be performed in topographically complex environment. Thus, solid obstacles intervening in the area dispersion should be counting in the computations. In previous validation works, it has been proved that CFD codes constitute powerful tools for complex terrain dispersion simulation providing high accuracy results with excellent visualization capabilities, which can be helpful in quantitative risk analysis applications [55]. The dominating mixing mechanism between... 

I had always counted on my excellent health and resiliency, and had enormous endurance and reserves from my days as a mountain climber. And, my background is Swiss, so in my family you just try harder and harder. In spite of that my health kept going downhill. I reached a point where I had no reserves. I was out of steam. Yet, I kept denying it until I felt sick all the time—not just at work—and it started to affect my brain and nervous system. I felt so confused all the time. Sometimes when I was driving I didn t even know what city I was in or where I lived, because of the fumes—but I didn t know that was the reason at the time. I d pull over to the side of the road and slap myself and say, Come on Snap out of it You know where you are ... 

Williams [1] has given an excellent review on Early Carboranes and Their Structural Legacy and he defines carboranes as follows Carboranes are mixed hydrides of carbon and boron in which atoms of both elements feature in the electron-deficient polyhedral molecular skeleton . According to the electron counting rules [2] for closo- (2n + 2 SE), nido- (2n + 4 SE) and arachno-clusters (2n + 6 SE SE = skeletal electrons, n = number of framework atoms) and the An + 2 n electron Hiickel rule, small compounds with skeletal carbon and boron atoms may have an electron count for carboranes and for aromatics (see Chapters 1.1.2 and 1.1.3). 

An additional observation for photon counting data there are no fractions of photons and thus the count can only include integer numbers. Thus the measurements in column B are rounded down to the nearest integer. It seems to be reasonable to do the same with the calculated values in column C. However, a test in Excel reveals that such an attempt does not work. The reason is, that the solver s Newton-Gauss algorithm requires the computation of the derivatives of the objective (x2 or ssq) with respect to the parameters. A rounding would destroy the continuity of the function and effectively wipe out the derivatives. 

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