Examples of encapsulants

Another striking development with endohedral fullerenes was the synthesis of N C5q, the first example of encapsulation of a reactive nonmetal atom [128-132]. 

Enzymes. Enzymes are particularly well suited for encapsulation because they often require a specialized microenvironment milder than the typically harsh conditions of an organic reaction. Although there are many examples of encapsulated enzymes (Watanabe and Royer 1983 Rao et al. 1993 Uludag et al. 1995 Hwang and Sefton 1997 Balabushevich et al. 2003 Shutava et al. 2004 Stein et al. 2006), there are few that have been used expressly for organic synthesis. 

Although the following example has been used by other authors in different contexts, I do not hesitate using it here again to demonstrate how to build systems with better abstractions. The reason is it uses the Java Collection Framework—a Java class library that is familiar to many developers and the framework itself is a good example of encapsulation. Suppose you want to design a compound library class that contains a list of individual compounds. Also suppose that the clients of the CompoundLibrary class need read-access to the compound list and the developer decides to use ArrayList to hold the compounds inside the CompoundLibrary class. A naive implementation of the CompoundLibrary class is as follows ... 

A second example of encapsulation is a contactless operating plug-and-socket system with integrated electronics suitable for zone 1 application (Figs 6.37 and 6.38). The system allows power and data transmission with PROFIBUS DP/VI. The socket with an integrated pigtail cable is attached to a terminal box in increased safety - e Within the socket, the 24 V DC power... 

A polynuclear anion [Nig(CO),2] reacts with a deficit of GeCl4 in acetonitrile to form [GeNi,2(CO)22] xs tetrachloride yields [GeNi,o(CO)2o] - These compounds represent the first examples of encapsulated Ge, which is contained in a pentagonal antiprism in the Ni species, and this is bicapped in the Ni,2 species. 

Microencapsulation is common in pharmaceutical industry, particularly when sustained release of a medication is required. Ethyl cellulose is a common coating material. Most capsules are formed by solvent evaporation, polymer-polymer phase separation, or fluidized-bed coating process. Common examples of encapsulated drugs include aspirin, acetaminophen, ampidlhn, and potassium chloride. Orally administered capsules serve to conceal an unpleasant taste and reduce gastrointestinal irritation that can be caused by oral unencapsulated drug. 

Fullerenes containing encapsulated (incarcerated) atoms, called incarfullerenes. These may contain one, two, three, or four atoms, sometimes as small molecules, inside the fullerene structure. Although examples of encapsulated nonmetals are known, most incarfullerenes contain metals. 

Table 37.5 gives example of encapsulation systems of sub-micrometric scale, providing the same details of Table 37.4. 

Some examples of encapsulation studies are given, using simple model aroma molecules that are more or less volatile and soluble in water. 

Table 6.3 Examples of encapsulating agents for selected nano-objects...

Illustrative Examples of Encapsulated Image Contrast Agents 101... 

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES OF ENCAPSULATED IMAGE CONTRAST AGENTS... 

Illustrative Examples of Encapsulated Systems for Drug Delivery 105... 

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES OF ENCAPSULATED SYSTEMS FOR DRUG DELIVERY... 

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES OF ENCAPSULATED NUCLEIC ACID DELIVERY SYSTEMS... 

Illustrative Examples of Encapsulated Nucleic Acid Delivery Systems Mil... 

SCHEME 10.3 Some examples of encapsulated species successfully prepared by in situ assembly of precursors inside the pores of zeolites, (a) Metal phthalo-cyanines (b) ruthenium tris-bipyridine (c) pyrylium cations (d) metal salen complexes and (e) heteropoly acid. The brackets generically represent the pore system of the solid host. 

There are, however, a number of examples of encapsulation of inorganics via an emulsion polymerization route. For example, dos Santos and coworkers reported the use... 

Table 17.2 Some examples of encapsulating agents acting on given nanosized particles...

---