Encapsulated species

Although w/o-ME-based LLE has many advantages for bioseparations, sueh as a rapid rate and its ability to be sealed-up, further work is needed to improve seleetivity, capacity, versatility, and biocompatibility. In addition, current methods to recover w/o-ME-encapsulated species are insufficient and/or are not adaptable to a wide variety of situations. Furthermore, although large-scale and continuous operation has been demonstrated (Table 3) [15,28,85,89,92-101], the ability to predict operation a priori, i.e., the generation of the necessary theory and equations required to design such equipment, has not yet been achieved. However, work is ongoing in several research laboratories worldwide to solve these problems. 

Here Cf is the initial concentration of the encapsulated species in the internal droplets. The model predicts an exponential leakage as a function of time. If S is assumed to be equal to the total globule surface area, P can be numerically deduced from the initial slope po of the experimental curves ... 

Much research has been devoted to the insertion of different kinds of crystalline and non crystalline material into the hollow interior of carbon nanotubes. The encapsulated species include fullerenes, clusters, one-dimensional (ID) metal nanowires, binary metal halides, metal oxides, and organic molecules. 

Fig. 2 Timescales for different intermolecular interactions mechanically interlocked molecules, encapsulated species and solvated encounters...

For systems presenting a type of supramolecular Darwinism, see Muller A et al (2001) Generation of cluster capsules (I-h) from decomposition products of a smaller cluster (Keggin-T-d) while surviving ones get encapsulated species with core-shell topology formed by a fundamental symmetry-driven reaction. Chem Commun 657-658... 

The EMF structures are more complicated than empty fullerenes because of the presence of metallic species and strong interactions between the encapsulated species and the fullerene... 

Encapsulation can be accomplished in partially Cs" -exchanged zeolite A. Three Cs" " cations per unit cell are sufficient to fill and to block all 8-rings in the structure. In fact, as few as 2.7 Cs" " ions is sufficient to prevent the diffusion (percolation) of guest species (even very small ones like H2) at room temperature. At 400 °C, the Cs" ions in LTA are sufficiently mobile that guests (gas molecules for example) may enter the zeolite and come to equilibrium with the surrounding phase. At room temperature, the Cs ions in LTA are sufficiently inunobile that they block the avenues of escape. These then are the conditions and composition for encapsulation in LTA. The encapsulated species may contribute to the apparent immobility of the Cs" ions by blocking their way. 

Unilamellar phosphatidylcholine vesicles can be readily prepared by sonicating dispersions of the lipid in aqueous solution at a temperature above the gel-liquid transition point. When formed in the presence of metal ions, the internal space contains encapsulated species that can subsequently undergo crystallization reactions with membrane-permeable species such as OH and H2S (Fig. 21). Alternatively, coreactants can be transported into the interior of the vesicles via ionophores sited in the lipid bilayer. The following materials have been invest -... 

Materials with encapsulated species, where molecular guests are entrapped in cavities of the porous host material. 

Pozio E, Owen IL, La Rosa G, Sacchi L, Rossi P, Corona S (1999) Trichinella papuae n.sp. (Nematoda), a new non-encapsulated species from domestic and sylvatic swine of Papua New Guinea. Int J Parasitol 29 1825-1839... 

Although feldspathoid structures are generally thought to be insufficiently porous to find widespread catalytic applications, the reactions of the occluded oxyanions are of catalytic interest. Previous work with other systems has shown that occlusion affects the properties of both the encapsulated species and the lattice itself (refs. 1,6,10,11). 

Carbon cages larger than C70 are known for C72, C74, C78, Cgo, C82, C84, and so on. In most cases, vibrational spectra are reported only for their endohedral forms since their carbon cages are unstable without electron transfer from the encapsulated species. However, C84 was obtained without encapsulation. Although there are 24 isomeric IPR structures for Cg4 [1565], Dennis et al. [1566] were able to isolate D2... 

Endohedral fullerenes, which contain metal atoms or small molecules inside the carbon cages, hold great promise for application in optoelectronic devices because of their fullerene-like and metallic properties. However, their investigations are limited by extremely low yields of these fullerenes (mg pg range). IR and Raman studies of endohedral fullerenes are important in elucidating the nature of interaction between the carbon cage and encapsulated species. Electronic structures and spectroscopic properties of endohedral fullerenes have been reviewed by Guha and Nakamoto [1549]. 

There are seven possible IPR strucmres for the Cgo cage, which consists of 12 pentagons and 30 hexagons. Although the structure is most unstable, it becomes stable by accepting six electrons from the encapsulated species. For example, La2 Cgo is stable as formulated as (La )2(Cgo) [1570]. Similar charge transfer stabilization was noted for a series of A3 Cgo ( = 0-3 A,B = rare-earth metal... 

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