Ruthenium-tris

Figure 1.18 Syntheses of ruthenium tris complexes of 1,10-phenanthroline ana z,z -oipynuyl.

Ruthenium, pyrazincbis(pentaammine-electron transfer, 1,360 Ruthenium, tetraamminedichloro-cyclic voltammetry, 1,483 Ruthenium, tetraamminedihalo-cyclic voltammetry, 1,482 Ruthenium, tetrachloronitrido-tetraphenylarsenate stereochemistry, 1, 44 Ruthenium, tris(acetyIacetone)-structure, 1,65... 

Ruthenium, tris(2,2 -bipyrazinyl)-in photochemical nitrogen production from water. 6, 510... 

Ruthenium, tris(bipyridyl)-in hydrogen production from water, 6, 500, 506 in photochemical hydrogen production from water, 6. 499-510,502-506... 

Sometimes, a direct ion-pairing of the chiral cations and anions 8 or 15 is necessary to maximize the NMR separation of the signals [115,116]. Cationic species as different as quaternary ammonium, phosphonium, [4]heterohelice-nium, thiiranium ions, (rj -arene)manganese, ruthenium tris(diimine) have been analyzed with success (Fig. 23). 

Alcohol oxidase was used to generate H202 followed by its reaction with luminol in the presence of K3[Fe(CN)6] as a catalyst [53], The luminescence was transmitted from the flow cell to the detector via optical fibers. Ethanol can be determined in the 3-750-pmol/L concentration range, with a detection limit of 3 pmol/L. Also, using an immobilized alcohol dehydrogenase reactor in glass beads, a FIA sensor for a reduced form of NADH was constructed by the ECL using the above-mentioned ruthenium tris(2,2 -biryridine) complex. The sensor was satisfactorily applied to the determination of ethanol concentration [54],... 

Ruthenium Tris-bypyridine/Zeolite-Y/Titanium Dioxide Nano-Assembly Ship-in-a-Bottle Synthesis and Applieation in Heterogeneous Photodegradation of 2,4-xylidine... 

Keywords Photodegradation, Ruthenium tris-bypyridine. Dioxide, 2,4-xylidine, Zeohte-Y... 

Dendrimers are large molecules, and their solubility is often an issue. Thus, it is not surprising that dendrimers can be good candidates to precipitate upon and thus modify the surface of an electrode. Dendrimers with ferrocenyl peripheral units were shown to display well-defined redox waves with the ferrocenyl units oxidizing independently.176-178 These molecules oxidatively precipitated onto the electrode surface and were characterized electrochemically and by atomic force microscopy.44 It was later shown that cyclodextrin complexation increased the solubility of these molecules.179 Similar results were obtained with dendrimers containing pendant ruthenium tris (bipyridine) and bis(terpyridine) groups.180... 

Fluorescent redox switches based on compounds with electron acceptors and fluorophores have been also reported. For instance, by making use of the quinone/ hydroquinone redox couple a redox-responsive fluorescence switch can be established with molecule 19 containing a ruthenium tris(bpy) (bpy = 2,2 -bipyridine) complex.29 Within molecule 19, the excited state of the ruthenium center, that is, the triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) state, is effectively quenched by electron transfer to the quinone group. When the quinone is reduced to the hydroquinone either chemically or electrochemically, luminescence is emitted from the ruthenium center in molecule 19. Similarly, molecule 20, a ruthenium (II) complex withhydroquinone-functionalized 2,2 6, 2"-terpyridine (tpy) and (4 -phenylethynyl-2,2 6, 2"- terpyridine) as ligands, also works as a redox fluorescence switch.30... 

Fig. 5.6 Lifetime of the photoexcited state of dendritic Ru -bipyridine complexes - in the presence and absence of atmospheric oxygen (according to Balzani, De Cola, Vogtle et a .), as compared with unsubstituted ruthenium-tris-bipy...

Small hydrophobic cations derived from naphthalene, anthracene, and pyrene and larger molecules such as rhodamine and fluorescein can be readily intercalated into the a-ZrP galleries. Inorganic complexes, ruthenium tris bipyridine derivatives, and others can also be intercalated into the galleries of a-ZrP. This list has... 

Photophysical properties of ruthenium tris(4,7-dipheny-l,10-phenanthro-linedisulfonate) or Ru(BPS)3 intercalated into Mg-Al LDH have also been studied [103], The absorption spectrum of the intercalate was found to be similar to that of Rut BPS )j in water a decrease in the absorption at 285 nm and a small shoulder around 310 nm are the only changes in the absorption spectrum of the in-... 

Figure 5.51 Applied potential dependence on the photocurrent intensities of RUC7VCeS / Au (O), RuCsVCgS/Au ( ), RuC17S/Au ( ) and RuC13S/Au ( ) electrodes Xex, 470 nm [TEOA] = 5 x 10-2 M [NaC104] = 0.1 M. Reprinted from Thin Solid Films, 350, Y. Koide,N. Terasaki,T. Akiyama and S. Yamada, Effects of spacer-chain length on the photoelectrochemical responses of mono-layer assemblies with ruthenium tris(2,2 -bipyridine)-viologen linked disulfides, 223-227, Copyright (1999), with permission from Elsevier Science...

One such example involves a ruthenium tris(bipyridine) complex, illustrated in Fig. 4.24, in which the metal can accept energy from photons and transfer it to the bipyridine ligands. The process of metal to ligand charge transfer is a well known phenomenon in coordination chemistry and the experimental conditions needed to form the complexes are fairly well understood. Added complexity is encountered when the bipyridine units have been modified as in the work of Hammarstrom [47],... 

Flonda K, Yamaguchi Y, Yamanaka Y, Yoshimatsu M, Fukuda Y, Fujishima A (2005) Flydroxyl radical-related electrogenerated chemiluminescence reaction for a ruthenium tris (2, 2 )bipyridyl/co-reactants system at boron-doped diamond electrodes. Electrochim Acta 51 588-597... 

Dyes such as erythrosin B [172], eosin [173-177], rose bengal [178,179], rhodamines [180-185], cresyl violet [186-191], thionine [192], chlorophyll a and b [193-198], chlorophyllin [197,199], anthracene-9-carboxylate [200,201], perylene [202,203] 8-hydroxyquinoline [204], porphyrins [205], phthalocyanines [206,207], transition metal cyanides [208,209], Ru(bpy)32+ and its analogs [83,170,210-218], cyanines [169,219-226], squaraines [55,227-230], and phe-nylfluorone [231] which have high extinction coefficients in the visible, are often employed to extend the photoresponse of the semiconductor in photoelectro-chemical systems. Visible light sensitization of platinized Ti02 photocatalyst by surface-coated polymers derivatized with ruthenium tris(bipyridyl) complex has also been attempted [232,233]. Because the singlet excited state of these dyes is short lived it becomes essential to adsorb them on the semiconductor surface with... 

Nakahira, T. Inoue, Y. Iwasaki, K. Tanigawa, H. Kouda, Y. Iwabuchi, S. Kojima, K. Graetzel, M. Visible light sensitization of platinized Ti02 photocatalyst by surface-coated polymers derivatized with ruthenium tris(bipyridyl), Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun. 1988, 9, 13. 

Photocatalytic enantioselective oxidative arylic coupling reactions have been investigated by two different groups. Both studies involved the use of ruthenium-based photocatalysts [142, 143]. In 1993, Hamada and co-workers introduced a photostable chiral ruthenium tris(bipyridine)-type complex (A-[Ru(menbpy)3]2+) 210 possessing high redox ability [143]. The catalytic cycle also employed Co(acac)3 211 to assist in the generation of the active (A-[Ru(menbpy)3]3+) species 212. The authors suggested that the enantioselection observed upon binaphthol formation was the result of a faster formation of the (R)-enantiomer from the intermediate 213 (second oxidation and/or proton loss), albeit only to a rather low extent (ee 16 %) (Scheme 54). 

Hamachi I, Tanaka S,Tsukiji S, Shinkai S, Oishi S. Design and semisynthesis of photoactive myoglobin bearing ruthenium tris(2,2 -bipyridine) using cofactor-reconstitution. Inorg Chem 1998 37 4380-8. 

Figure 13.4 Reconstitution of ruthenium-tris(bipyridine)-appended haem to apomyoglobin [47-49] (Adapted from Szacilowski et al. [124])...

Hamachi I,Tanaka S,Tsukiji S, Shinkai S, Shimizu M, Nagamune T. Photocontrol of the redox state of ruthenium-tris(bipyridine)-appended cytochrome b562.I Chem Soc Chem Commun 1997 1735-6. 

Ruthenium Tri-iodide, RuU, was prepared by Claus4 by double decomposition of potassium iodide and ruthenium trichloride in aqueous solution.5 The salt separates out as a black amorphous precipitate which, on heating, evolves the whole of its iodine content. It absorbs ammonia, welding 2RuIs.7NH3, but does not appear to yield double salts with alkali iodides.5... 

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