Examples of Electrolytes

Oxidative surface treatment processes can be gaseous, ie, air, carbon dioxide, and ozone Hquid, ie, sodium hypochlorite, and nitric acid or electrolytic with the fiber serving as the anode within an electrolytic bath containing sodium carbonate, nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, or other electrolyte. Examples of electrolytic processes are described in the patent Hterature (39,40)... 

Electrolytic cells use electricity from an external source to produce a desired redox reaction. Electroplating and the recharging of an automobile battery are examples of electrolytic cells. 

Electrolyte. Any substance which dissociates into two or more ions, to a great or small extent, when dissolved in water. Solutions of electrolyte thus conduct electric current and are decomposed by it. Examples of electrolytes are aqueous solns of acids, alkalies, or sslts... 

Fig. 19. Examples of electrolytes which follow the parabolic rate law. , Ag2C204 O, CaC204--H20 0> CaC03 0, BaS04 , AgCl. (Reproduced from ref. 47 by courtesy of North-Holland Publishing Co.)...

A further example of electrolytic oxidation is the conversion of furfural into succinic acid in 37% yield.314... 

Figure 3.1 illustrates examples of electrolytic purification reactors for the isolation of sodium and aluminum metals. For the purification of sodium, a fused salt is used at high temperatures. As is often necessary for ionic salts, a solid solution is necessary to reduce the melting point of the salt. The addition of calcium chloride effectively... 

This section provides a survey of the electrolytic deposition of aluminum out of organoaluminum electrolytes, from its discovery to its technical applications. First, the deposition of metals from nonaqueous organic electrolytes is generally discussed, and the corresponding problems and possibilities are pointed out. In detail, concrete examples of electrolytic aluminum deposition from organoaluminum electrolytes and their fundamental complex chemistry and electrochemistry are treated. In a further section, the properties of such deposited aluminum are described, and finally an overall view is given of the development in instrumentation from the first laboratory cell to a coating plant unit with a capacity of 90 mVh. 

Reduction of the hydroxyimino group with acetylation of the resulting amino group can be effected by zinc dust in the presence of acetic acid and acetic anhydride diethyl (acetylamino)malonate, which is important for amino acid syntheses, has been prepared in this way.97 Zinc dust reduces oximes of diaryl and arylalkyl ketones better in concentrated ammoniacal than in acid solution, giving the amines as very pure free bases whilst hardly any higher alkylated product is formed.98 Aminoacetone," diaminoacetone,100 and 2-afnino-3-pentanone" have been obtained by reducing oximes with tin or tin(n) chloride in alcoholic hydrochloric acid solution. In individual cases oximes have been reduced by sodium dithionite or aluminum amalgam.198 Further, the patent literature contains examples of electrolytic reduction of oximes.198... 

If the separated substances are weak bases or acids, proper selection of the pH of the leading electrolyte and pXa of the counterion such that the conditions given in the Table 1 are approximately fulfilled should ensure sufficient ionization. Examples of electrolyte systems for ITP are shown in Table 3. 

Table 2 Examples of electrolytes used in inorganic polarogra-phic analysis...

Electrolyte purification is essential for conventional cells and EMEW cells to ensure a consistently good quality nickel cathode product. A significant amount of development work has been done on various nickel feed solutions in order to provide a custom fit purification circuit to suit various nickel feed streams. A few examples of electrolytes and key purification steps are provided for the reader. 

Typical examples of electrolytes and operating conditions are given in Table 8.7,... 

F. 8 Examples of electrolyte additives for high voltage cathodes... 

An electrochemical cell consists of two electrodes that are electrically interconnected by an electrolyte. Each electrode consists of an electric conductor in which the electric current is transmitted by electrons. As examples of electrode material, metallic copper, Cu, and zinc, Zn, can be mentioned. The electrolyte connecting the electrodes contains mobile electrically charged ions that serve as carriers of electric current. The positively charged ions are named cations and the negatively charged ions are named anions. As examples of electrolytes, water, aqueous salt solutions, and melts of ionically bound substances can be mentioned. 

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