Positively charged ions

A third method for generating ions in mass spectrometers that has been used extensively in physical chemistry is chemical ionization (Cl) [2]. Chemical ionization can involve the transfer of an electron (charge transfer), proton (or otlier positively charged ion) or hydride anion (or other anion). 

Cation (Section 1 2) Positively charged ion Cellobiose (Section 25 14) A disacchande in which two glu cose units are joined by a 3(1 4) linkage Cellobiose is oh tamed by the hydrolysis of cellulose Cellulose (Section 25 15) A polysaccharide in which thou sands of glucose units are joined by 3(1 4) linkages Center of symmetry (Section 7 3) A point in the center of a structure located so that a line drawn from it to any element of the structure when extended an equal distance in the op posite direction encounters an identical element Benzene for example has a center of symmetry Cham reaction (Section 4 17) Reaction mechanism m which a sequence of individual steps repeats itself many times usu ally because a reactive intermediate consumed m one step is regenerated m a subsequent step The halogenation of alkanes is a chain reaction proceeding via free radical intermediates... 

Quantum (Section 13 1) The energy associated with a photon Quaternary ammonium salt (Section 22 1) Salt of the type R4N X The positively charged ion contains a nitrogen with a total of four organic substituents (any combination of alkyl and aryl groups)... 

Application of a pulse of high electric potential (about IkV) to the pusher electrode over a period of about 3 psec causes a short section of the ion beam to be detached and accelerated into a TOP analyzer. A positive potential is used to accelerate positively charged ions and vice versa for negative ions. 

Chemical analyses of stream water that have been pubhshed since the early years of this century generally include deterrninations for four positively charged ions (cations)—calcium (Ca ), magnesium (Mg ), sodium (Na ), and potassium (K )—and five negatively charged ions... 

Cation—positively charged ions that migrate to the cathode in a galvanic cell. 

Application of an electric current causes the negatively charged ions to migrate to the + electrode, and the positively charged ions to migrate to the — electrode. The zwitterion, with a net charge of zero, remains at its original position. 

A simple model of the e.d.l. was first suggested by Helmholz in which the charges at the interface were regarded as the two plates constituting a parallel plate capacitor, e.g. a plate of metal with excess electrons (the inner Helmholz plane I.H.P.) and a plate of excess positively charged ions (the outer Helmholz plane O.H.P.) in the solution adjacent to the metal the... 

If the potential of the metal/solution interface is made more negative than p.z.c. by giving it an excess negative charge the positively charged ion will... 

When an atom loses or gains electrons, charged particles called ions are formed. Metal atoms typically tend to lose electrons to form positively charged ions called cations (pronounced CAT-i-ons). Examples include the Na+ and Ca2+ ions, formed from atoms of the metals sodium and calcium ... 

Several facts become apparent. There are fewer Na+ ions than Cl- ions other positively charged ions—Mg+2, Ca+2, and K+—are also present. Sulfate ions, S04 2, and bromide ions, Br-, are other negatively charged ions present in the water. Thus, ocean water is more than a solution of sodium chloride. Another fact is that K+ ions are much less plentiful than Na+ ions (Na+/K+ is about 46) even though K+ ions are rather plentiful in the earth (Na+/K+ is about 2). 

The question arises as to which metal is dissolved, and which one is deposited, when combined in an electrochemical cell. The electrochemical series indicates how easily a metal is oxidized or its ions are reduced, i.e., converted into positively charged ions or metal atoms respectively. The standard potential serves for the comparison of different metals. 

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