European science

Kautz, C. H., Lovrude, M. E., Herron, R R. L., McDermott, L. C. (1999). Research on student understanding of the ideal gas law. Proceedings, 2nd International Conference of the European Science Education Research Association (ESERA), Kiel, Germany, I, 83-85. 

Justi, R., Mendon9a, P. C. C. (2007). Modelling in order to learn an important sub-micro representation the nature of the ionic bond. Paper presented at the VI Conferenee of the European Science Education Research Association, Malmo, Sweden, 21-25 August. 

Wagner, G. A. (1983), Thermoluminescence Dating, Handbooks for Archaeologists, Vol. 1, European Science Foundation, Strasbourg. 

This work, conducted as part of the award Dynamic Adaptative Materials for Separation and Sensing Microsystems made under the European Heads of Research Councils and European Science Foundation EURYI (European Young Investigator) Awards scheme in 2004, was supported by funds from the Participating Organisations of EURYI and the EC Sixth Framework Programme. See www.esf.org/euryi. 

Vogt, U. Zugenmaier, P. Communication at the European Science Foundation Workshop on Specific Interaction in Polysaccharide Systems, Uppsada, Sweden, 1983. 

Longinelli, A. (1995). Stable isotope ratios in phosphate from mammal bone and tooth as climatic indicators. In Problems of Stable Isotopes in Tree-rings, Lake Sediments and Peat-bogs as Climatic Evidence for the Holocene, ed. Frenzel, B., European Science Foundation, Strasbourg, pp. 57-70. 

Soon after the end of Tokugawa Period Edo Era), the new government under Mei/ i Emperor started in 1867. In the Meiji Era, Japanese Government intended to follow up the modem European culture, especially European science and technology, and established The Imperial University of Tokyo having Faculties of Law, Science, and Literature in 1868. This is the first university of Japan. 

POL. 13.1. Prigogine, European science and technology for sustainable development, in respect to the values of life, Presidenza Italiana CE, 1990. 

A new era of European supremacy will open up in the domain of nuclear gamma astronomy, for no large-scale project has been proposed across the Atlantic to take up where the CGRO observatory left off. Let us hope that European science will make the most of this boon. ... 

This work has been supported by the Polish KBN, projects No. 2 P03B 126 14 and 2 P03B 023 12 and by the European Science Foundation within the REHE programme. The authors are indebted to L. Wolniewicz for a penetrating remark. Helpful comments of a referee are gratefully acknowledged. 

By Avicenna s time, around 1000, the Arab Empire was in decline from both internal and external forces. Factions of the Islamic faith battled one another. A general intolerance of science pervaded Arab culture, and scientists were not free to publish their ideas. Christian Crusaders from the West and Mongol invaders from the East exerted pressure on the Arabic world. As traditional Arab regions were recaptured by Europeans, the classical knowledge that had been preserved and advanced by the Arabs influenced European thinking. Major Arab learning centers, such as Toledo in Spain, provided works to rekindle European science. From the twelfth century, major advances in the chemical arts shifted from Arab lands to western Europe. 

K. Renun, A New Erafor Nuclear The Development of the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (Cambridge European Science and Environment Forum [ESEF], 2000). Available atwww.scienceforum.net. 

The European science community of the 1800s viewed most American scientists as inventors—clever, but not profound in their thinking or discoveries. This attitude began to change at the turn of the 20th century, principally because of the work of American scientists such as Robert Millikan, who excelled in his experimental designs and conclusions. In addition to research, he also spent much time preparing textbooks so that his students did not have to rely so much on lectures. He won a Nobel prize in 1923 and served as the president of Caltech from 1921 to 1945. 

Hicks WK, Whitfield CP, Bealey WJ, Sutton M (2011) Nitrogen Deposition and Natura 2000 -Science practice in determining environmental impacts European Science Foundation, COST Office, ISBN 978-91-86125-23-3, http //cost729.ceh.ac.uk/n2kworkshop... 

We also wish to thank Dr. Gayle Zachmann and the staff of the Paris Research Center (PRC) for providing a wonderful venue for this second PRC workshop . Funding for the workshop came from various sources, including in particular the European Science Foundation s Simulations of Bio-Materials (SimBioMa) program, the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and the US National Science Foundation (NSF) through the Materials Computation Center at the University of Illinois and the Texas Center for Superconductivity (TcSUH). 

Faculty of Pharmacy, MUG. Since 2000, he has been the head of the Department of Food Sciences, MUG. He has published approximately 200 papers, 17 book chapters, three books published by Elsevier and CRC Press Taylor Francis, and approximately 300 symposial abstracts. He has been a member of approximately 30 national and international scientific associations and organizations (including nine editorial boards, e.g., The Science of the Total Environment), for example, the International Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) and WG Marine Board—European Science Foundation. He has visited 14 countries as a visiting professor or research scientist. Dr. Szefer has reviewed approximately 600 manuscripts for more than 60 journals. He received several scientific awards, for example, one from the Scientific Secretary of the Division VII of the Polish Academy of Sciences nine awards from the Minister of Health and a joint award from the Ministry of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources, and Forestry. His research is focused on food and marine chemistry, and bioanalytics. 

In addition to complete histories of the science, several other types of general works may be noted. First, there are several volumes of collected essays that deal, mainly or exclusively, with the history of chemistry. An example of these is the published proceedings of the Symposium on Alchemy, Chemistry and Pharmacy , held during the International Congress of History of Science at Liege in 1997.28 There is also a volume of essays on the history of chemistry in the multi-volume Italian publication, Storia della scienza.29 The five-year European Science Foundation Programme, The Evolution of Chemistry in Europe, 1789-1939 ,30 which was launched in 1993, has resulted in a number of collections of essays on Lavoisier,31 on aspects of the chemical industry,32-35 on chemical textbooks,36 and on chemical education and institutions.37-39... 

Another approach to teaching the history of early European chemistry has been taken on the Open University s undergraduate course, The Rise of Scientific Europe 1500-1800. This deals with the rise of European science in general and poses the over-arching question why science developed in Europe rather elsewhere (e.g. China, India or the Arab world). Within this broad remit chemistry is treated inter alia with other sciences and is placed in changing political, social and economic contexts from Paracelsus to the chemical revolution.11... 

In order to link these scattered activities and to create an international network of historians of chemistry, some time ago the European Science Foundation in Strasbourg initiated a five year research program on The Evolution of Chemistry, 1789-1939 , which has yielded a series of conferences and a fair number of books. When this program came to an end in 1997, it was felt that this network should be used - in a sort of follow-up project - to focus interest in, and to stimulate research on, the history of twentieth-century chemistry. 

Rs were officially endorsed by the European Science Foundation [4], and in 2001, they were recommended in an editorial of the British Medical Journal. 

European Science Foundation European Science Foundation Policy Briefing N°9-Use of Animals in Research, 2000, available at www.esf.org/esf genericpage. php section=4 language= 0 genericpage=213. 

MAB acknowledges the support from the Spanish Ministry under grant CTQ2005-02802/PPQ and from the European Science Foundation COST Action D36/006/06. GM acknowledges support from the European Coordination Action Network "CONCORDE," the European Science Foundation COST Action D36/006/06, and Siid-Chemie AG. The authors are indebted to H. Knozinger for helpful discussions and to I. E. Wachs for providing recent results. 

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