Europe climate change

Golombek, R., Kittelsen, S., Haddeland, I. (2012). Climate change Impacts on electricity markets in Western Europe. Climatic Change, 113(2), 357-370. 

Environmental European Agency (2008) Impacts of Europe s changing climate-2008 indicator-based assessment. EEA Report 4/2008 JRC Report JRC47756, Copenhagen... 

The results were calculated using the SIMA Pro software. To obtain the necessary results, the Recipe Midpoint (H) Europe method has been chosen as a characterization model. Results come from the climate change impact category and they are expressed in kg of a carbon dioxide equivalent (C02e). 

Climate studies conducted within the AT project have compared the skill of RCMs in reproducing observed means and extremes, examined how climate change will affect mean precipitation and mean temperature and examined the estimated future occurrence of extreme precipitation and varied aspects of hydrology for Europe, Spain and the Ebro [35, 36]. 

In Europe, the archivists have pioneered the evaluation of past climate changes from records of wine harvests and from drawings showing the advance and retreat of glaciers. This great body of work is excellently reviewed by Ladurie [62]. 

The virus-associated mass mortalities that took place among marine mammals in the 1980s and 1990s elicited an interest in co-factors that may have contributed to the severity of these events. The deaths of 20,000 harbor and several hundred grey seals in northern Europe in 1988 prompted questions about climate change, algal blooms, environmental pollutants, exotic diseases and other perceived stressors [54], After the identification of a newly described virus, phocine distemper virus (PDV) [55], concern still lingered that immunotoxic environmental contaminants could have facilitated the outbreak. 

Posch, M, Hettelingh, I-P, Alcamo J., Krol M. (1996). Integrated scenario of acidification and climate change in Asia and Europe. Global Environmental Change 6(4), 375-394. 

EC (European Commission) (2007b). Adapting to Climate Change in Europe - Options for EU Action. Green Paper. Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Commission of the European Communities, COM(2007), 354 final. 

EEA (European Environmental Agency) (2004). Impacts of Europe s Changing Climate. Report No. 2/2004, Copenhagen. ISBN 9789291676927. 

Hot and dry meteorological conditions in summer increase the extent of observed biomass fires. For example, the summer of 2010 was exceptionally warm in Eastern Europe and large parts of Russia. With climate change such extreme events are predicted to increase and by the end of the century heat waves of this magnitude are expected to occur every decade [50]. For European Arctic the transport of smokes from more frequent biomass fires may affect the global climate change. Whether the Arctic is getting warmer or colder because of the smoke events is still under evaluation. 

Skj0th CA, Geels C (2012) The effect of climate and climate change on ammonia emissions in Europe. Atmos Chem Phys Discuss 12 23403-23431... 

Ruddiman WF, Raymo ME, Prell WL, Kutzbach JE (1997) The climate uplift-connection. In Tectonic Uplift and Climate Change. Ruddman WL (ed) Plenum Press, p 3-15 Salomans W, Goudie A, Mook WG (1978) Isotopic composition of calcrete deposits from Europe, Africa and India. Earth Surf Processes 3 43-57... 

Development of methods to forecast chemical weather and to assess the air quality over Europe, which also takes the impact of global climate change into account. 

The thermohaline circulation dominated by the Arctic Ocean and Nordic Seas is responsible for a considerable part of the Earth s poleward heat transport and may also serve as a sink for CO2. Alterations of this circulation, as have been observed during climatic changes of the past, can affect global climate and in particular the climate of Europe and North America. ... 

Calculations of anthropogenic (greenhouse) climate change show that thermohaline circulation (THC) in NH oceans may weaken in the future. However, even the models that show this weakening still demonstrate that greenhouse warming in Europe will persist. So far, no one knows whether irreversible collapse of THC is a possibility or which threshold conditions correspond to such a collapse. No existing model predicts total cessation of THC for the next 60 years. 

Gyalistras D. (2002). How uncertain are regional climate change scenarios Examples for Europe and the Alps. PIK Report No. 75, Potsdam, pp. 85-100. 

Demand in Europe is rising. In 2008, Italy s major electricity producer, Enel, began converting a major power plant in Civitavecchia from oil to coal to save on costs. Between 2008 and 2013, Italy may double its reliance on coal. In other European countries, as many as 50 coal-fired plants will be constructed in the next five years, sparking mounting concern about climate change. 

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