Ethyl nitrate properties

ETHYL NITRATE, CjHjONOj PHYSICAL AND THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES... 

Naotim [1] investigated its explosive properties (see further) and reported the heat of explosion to be 816 kcal/kg (water as liquid). Despite the fact that its appreciable explosive properties had long been recognized, no further attention was paid to ethyl nitrate for some time, because there seemed no possibility to finding a practical use for it. Very recently, however, it has been used as an ingredient of liquid rocket fuels. This has stimulated investigations designed to determine its properties more accurately. 

The physical properties of the nitric esters resemble in a general way the physical properties of the alcohols from which they are derived. Thus, methyl and ethyl nitrate, like methyl and ethyl alcohol, are volatile liquids nitroglycerin is a viscous oil, more viscous and less volatile than glycol dinitrate as glycerin is more viscous and less volatile than glycol. Nitrocellulose from... 

Nitric esters in mixtures with sulphuric acid. Raudnitz [171] was the first to draw attention to the nitrating properties of solutions of ethyl nitrate in sulphuric acid. Later in 1941, Titov [34] expressed the view that such a solution contains the nitronium ion, and L. P. Kuhn (p. 15) proved this by cryometric measurements. A solution of ethyl nitrate in sulphuric acid has been used for nitrating aromatic compounds. 

Meyer [72, 73) gives some additional data on the properties of ethyl nitrate. ... 

The nitration heat of ethanol is 25.94 kJ/mol, Thomson calculated the combustion heat -A77 and detonation heat (water) of ethyl nitrate to obtain the values of 1355.78 kJ/mol and 3568.95 J/g, respectively. The explosion property of ethyl nitrate has been well known. However, in a long period, few attentions have been paid to the compound. It only has been used as a component in the liquid fuel of rockets and in explosive mixture with other oxidizers for blasting. 

Additives can be incorporated to improve the quality of diesel fuel. For example, ethyl nitrite, ethyl nitrate, and isoamyl nitrite when added to an oil will increase its CN value. The addition of 2.5% by volume of amyl nitrite to a diesel oil (CN = 26) increased the CN to 44. Additives such as amyl nitrate (C5H11ONO2) when added at about 0.1 % by volume will increase the CN by 4, and 0.25% will add 7 to the CN of the fuel. Other nitrates such as heptyl and octyl nitrates are also ignition improvers. A similar effect is obtained when ammonium nitrate is added to oil. A 2% by weight addition of a solution of 5 M NH4NO3 in water can increase the CN of a diesel fuel from 39 to 42. Other additives will prevent gum formation, decrease surface tension permitting a finer spray, or reduce the change in fuel properties due to changes in temperature. 

Acid—Base Chemistry. Acetic acid dissociates in water, pK = 4.76 at 25°C. It is a mild acid which can be used for analysis of bases too weak to detect in water (26). It readily neutralizes the ordinary hydroxides of the alkaU metals and the alkaline earths to form the corresponding acetates. When the cmde material pyroligneous acid is neutralized with limestone or magnesia the commercial acetate of lime or acetate of magnesia is obtained (7). Acetic acid accepts protons only from the strongest acids such as nitric acid and sulfuric acid. Other acids exhibit very powerful, superacid properties in acetic acid solutions and are thus useful catalysts for esterifications of olefins and alcohols (27). Nitrations conducted in acetic acid solvent are effected because of the formation of the nitronium ion, NO Hexamethylenetetramine [100-97-0] may be nitrated in acetic acid solvent to yield the explosive cycl o trim ethyl en etrin itram in e [121 -82-4] also known as cyclonit or RDX. 

Isoprene [78-79-5] (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) is a colorless, volatile Hquid that is soluble in most hydrocarbons but is practically insoluble in water. Isoprene forms binary azeotropes with water, methanol, methylamine, acetonitrile, methyl formate, bromoethane, ethyl alcohol, methyl sulfide, acetone, propylene oxide, ethyl formate, isopropyl nitrate, methyla1 (dimethoxymethane), ethyl ether, and / -pentane. Ternary azeotropes form with water—acetone, water—acetonitrile, and methyl formate—ethyl bromide (8). Typical properties of isoprene are Hsted in Table 1. 

Furan-2-carbonyl chloride, 5-alkyl-3,4-dichloro-synthesis, 4, 690 Furancarboxamides rotational isomerism, 4, 543 Furan-2-carboxylic acid, 5-acetylamino-ethyl ester reactions, 4, 647 Furan-2-carboxylic acid, amino-properties, 4, 708 Furan-2-carboxylic acid, 5-bromo-nitration, 4, 603, 711 Furan-2-carboxylic acid, 3-methyl-methyl ester bromination, 4, 604 Furan-2-carboxylic acid, 5-methyl-nitration, 4, 602... 

Cellulosic They are tough, transparent, hard or flexible natural polymers made from plant cellulose feedstock. With exposure to light, heat, weather and aging, they tend to dry out, deform, embrittle and lose gloss. Molding applications include tool handles, control knobs, eyeglass frames. Extrusion uses include blister packaging, toys, holiday decorations, etc. Cellulosic types, each with their specialty properties, include cellulose acetates (CAs), cellulose acetate butyrates (CABs), cellulose nitrates (CNs), cellulose propionate (CAPs), and ethyl celluloses (EC). 

Romburgh [3] was the first to prepare this substance both by nitrating ethyl-aniline and by nitrating diethylaniline. It is comparable to tetryl in its physical and chemical properties. As an explosive it is weaker than tetryl. Its sensitiveness to impact and its explosive power, measured in the lead block, are somewhat greater than those of picric acid. 

Trinitrophenetol or ethyl picrate, m.p. 78°, is prepared by the same methods as trinitroanisol. The explosive properties of the two substances have been studied by Desparmets and Calinaud, and by Desvergnes,72 who has reported the results of the earlier workers together with data of his own and discussions of methods of manufacture and of the explosive properties of mixtures with picric acid, ammonium nitrate, etc. Drop test with a 5-kilogram weight were as follows ... 

The ethyl analogue of tetryl was first prepared by van Rom-burgh,101 who procured it both by nitrating monoethylaniline and by nitrating diethylaniline, and reported that it melts at 96°. The present writer has found that the pure material, recrystallized twice from nitric acid (d. 1.42) and once from alcohol, melts at 94°. It is comparable to tetryl in its chemical reactions and in its explosive properties. 

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