Ethyl Chloride Spray

The safety of midazolam in very low birth-weight neonates is being questioned. In 200 children weighing 3-15 kg premedicated with rectal midazolam 0.5 or 1.0 mg/ kg before minor surgery, the incidence of hiccups was 22% and 26% respectively (28). The mean age of children with hiccups was 6 months and of children without hiccups 20 months. Intranasal ethyl chloride spray was 100% successful in treating the hiccups. The incidence of hiccups was related to age but not dose. The effectiveness of... 

ETHYL CHLORIDE (Chloroethane) (Ethyl Chloride Spray)... 

Imagine a laboratory experiment—perhaps the reaction of ethylene (C2H4) with hydrogen chloride (HC1) to prepare ethyl chloride (C2H5CI), a colorless, low-boiling liquid that doctors and athletic trainers use as a spray-on anesthetic for minor injuries. 

Ethyl chloride is often used as a spray-on anesthetic for athletic injuries. 

Anesthetics Nitrous oxide (NzO) or laughing gas, the most abused of the gases. Liquid anesthetic contains halothane and enflurane local anesthetic contains ethyl chloride. Vegetable oil cooking spray and whipping cream cartridges also contain nitrous oxide. 

Trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane are used in correction fluids, dry-cleaning products, degreasing sprays, and solvents and spot removers. Bromochlorodifluoro-methane is a compound found in halon fire extinguishers that is abused. Freon is used for refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Anesthetics include halothane, chloroform, and the local anesthetic ethyl chloride. Methylene chloride is a component of rubber cement, paint strippers, and degreasing agents, and fluorocarbons are present in many types of aerosol sprays. 

Use Manufacture of polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene oxide, ethylene dichloride, ethylene glycols, aluminum alkyls, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, ethyl chloride, ethylene chlorohydrin, acetaldehyde, ethyl alcohol, polystyrene, styrene, polyvinyl chloride, SBR, polyester resins, trichloroethylene, etc. as a refrigerant, in welding and cutting of metals, an anesthetic, and in orchard sprays to accelerate fruit ripening. 

Table 13-4 lists important commercial solvents of abuse. Meth-ylchloroform, the solvent in typewriter correction fluid, caused 30 deaths by 1988 (Lilis 1992). Ethyl chloride more recently became an inhalant of abuse (Hersh 1991). Chlorofluorocarbons, used as refrigerants and in the past as insecticide propellants and in deodorants, breath fresheners, hair spray, and other personal care products, caused hundreds of deaths after intentional inhalation (Maximilian et al. 1982). 

Ethyl chloride (C2H5CI) boils at 12 °C. When liquid C2HgCl under pressure is sprayed on a room-temperature (25 °C) surface in air, the surface is cooled considerably, (a) What does this observation teU us about the specific heat of C2H5Cl(s) compared with C2H5CUO (b) Assume that the heat lost by the surface is gained by ethyi chloride. What enthalpies must you consider if you were to calculate the final temperature of the surface ... 

Freons (Freon 11, trichloromonofluoromethane Freon 12, dichlorofluoro-methane) are used as propellants in sprays. Three patients have been reported allergic to Freon 11, one of them also reacted to Freon 12. All three showed positive reactions to ethyl chloride as well one had an eczematous eruption on the skin after spraying for a biopsy (Van Ketel 1976 a). 

Van Ketel WG (1975) Allergic contact eczema by Hexomedine . Contact Dermatitis 1 332 Van Ketel WG (1976 a) Allergic contact dermatitis from propellants in deodorant sprays in combination with allergy to ethyl chloride. Contact Dermatitis 2 115-119 Van Ketel WG (1975b) Immediate and delayed type allergy to erythromycin. Contact Dermatitis 2 363-364... 

Ethyl chloride is sold as a liquid (see photo) under pressure for use as a local skin anesthetic. Ethyl chloride boUs at 12 °C at atmospheric pressure. When the liquid is sprayed onto the skin, it boUs off, cooling and numbing the skin as it vaporizes, (a) What changes of state are involved in this use of ethyl chloride (b) What is the boiling point of ethyl chloride in degrees Fahrenheit (c) The bottle shown contains 103.5 mL of ethyl chloride. The density of ethyl chloride at 25 °C is 0.765 g/cm. What is the mass of ethyl chloride in the bottle ... 

When cold urticaria is suspected by history, the diagnosis should be confirmed in two steps (1) confirmatory provocation tests and (2) clinical and laboratory examinations to rule out secondary cold urticaria. In the office, spraying of the skin with ethyl chloride can be employed as a screening test. More reliable and specific is the ice-cube test. Pieces of ice suspended in cold water are placed into a container and left on the lower arm for 3-5 min, in milder cases even for up to 10 min or even 20 min. In 76% of patients, reactions occur after 10 min and in 100% after 20 min (Neittanmaki 1985). The test is positive when a wheal or angioedema develop on re-warming of the skin. 

Several simple componnds in this category are widely used. As an example, chloroethane (CH3CH2CI, commonly called ethyl chloride) is an alkyl halide nsed as a local anesthetic. Chloroethane quickly evaporates when sprayed on a wound, causing a cooling sensation that numbs the site of an injnry. 

Why is a spray that evaporates quickly, such as ethyl chloride, used to numb a sports injury during a game Why does water in a wide, flat, shallow dish evaporate more quickly than the same amount of water in a tall, narrow vase ... 

We have surveyed a series of different catalyst types under relatively standard ethylation conditions. Ethylation of cellulose can be conducted in a two stage process, which involves a recharge of caustic and ethyl chloride and a temperature increase when the D.S. reaches 1.4. Wood cellulose was treated with a fine spray of concentrated catalyst solution followed by hot 50% caustic. The mixture was either heated in toluene or dry-blended to produce the activated cellulose, which was charged into a bomb reactor along with additional sodium hydroxide and ethyl chloride. The reactor was immersed in a fluidized bed preheated to the desired temperature, and the bath temperature was held within a five degree range during the course of the reaction. 

Three patients with an acute eczema in the axillae after the use of deodorant spray were investigated by van Ketel(25 ). All 3 patients reacted positively to (open) patch tests with the propellant Freon 11 (tri-chloromonofluoromethane). One patient also reacted to Freon 12 (dichlorodifluorometh-ane). Of the other 2 patients one developed an eczematous eruption after ethylchloride had been sprayed onto the skin prior to taking a biopsy. Patch tests with ethyl chloride were performed on the other 2 patients and found to be positive. The author discusses the possibility of the existence of cross-sensitization between the different compounds tested. 

Van Kctel, W.G. (1976) Allergic contact dermatitis from propellants in deodorant sprays in combination with allergy to ethyl chloride. Contact Dermatitis, 2, 115. 

Isolation of Citronellal and Citral. At the close of each experiment (7 to 10 days), the nests were frozen intact. Groups of 200 workers were placed in a micro-Soxhlet apparatus and extracted for 8 hours with methylene chloride. A few milligrams of carrier citronellal and citral were added and the mixture was applied to a thin-layer chromatoplate (silica gel G) which was developed with hexane-ethyl acetate (92 to 8) to separate citronellal and citral (3). The aldehydes were detected by spraying with a solution of 2, 4-dini-trophenylhydrazine in tetrahydrofuran (20) and the citronellal and citral peaks were scraped off and allowed to react with excess dinitro-phenylhydrazine reagent for a further 12 hours. 

Method 3 (TLC). The amino acids and peptides are separated on silica gel plates with butanol-acetic acid-ethyl acetate-water (1 1 1 1). The chromatogram is dried at 110 °C for 10 min and then cooled to room temperature. The plate is sprayed with a 10% solution of triethylamine in methylene chloride and is dried in air for several seconds. A solution of 0.05% fluorescamine in acetone is then sprayed on to the plate. The plate is again dried in air and is then resprayed with the triethylamine solution before observation under UV light. This procedure was found to be superior to the earlier procedure of using aqueous buffers for spraying the plates prior to fluorescamine reaction [89]. The limit of detection for the modified spray method is 0.5 nmole of the amino acid or peptide. 

The dichlorosilane (0.29 g, 1.2 mmol) was added to a suspension of spray-dried potassium fluoride (0.36 g, 6.2 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) at 0 °C under an argon atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 60 °C for 3 h, cooled to room temperature and mixed with (i-Pr3P)2PdCl2 (2.6 mg, 5yumol) and 3,4-difluorochlorobenzene (0.14g, 1.0 mmol). The whole mixture was heated at 120°C for 29 h, cooled to room temperature, poured into a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, and extracted with ethyl acetate. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure afforded a crude product which was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate, 5 1) to give the desired product 2 (0.20 g, 64% yield). 

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