Ethyl alcohol structural formula

NAME P i-Phenyl ethyl alcohol STRUCTURAL FORMULA... 

Structural formulas of Methane Ammonia Ethyl alcohol... 

Figure 1.1 Ball-and-stick models and structural formulas for ethyl alcohol and dimethyl ether...

Figure 1 Structural formula of HA and the ethyl (Hyaff7), docecyl (Hyaff73) and benzyl (Hyaffl 1) esters. The esterification reaction was carried out starting from a quaternary ammonium salt of HA and the ethyl, dodecyl and benzyl alcohols, respectively, in a suitable aprotic solvent.

Consider ethane, the alkane with two carbon atoms and six attached hydrogen atoms. If one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by an OH group, the result is ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, the alcohol portion of alcoholic beverages. The OH is the alcohol group. The names of alcohols end in -ol. The structural formulas for ethane and ethyl alcohol are ... 

Important as the molecular formula is. it does not describe fully the properties, or even in some cases the identity, of chemical compounds. For example, there are two compounds that have the molecular formula CjFLO. They are different in all their properties, both chemical and physical. This difference is due to a difference in the manner in which the atoms are connected in the molecules of the two substances. These differences can be shown only by the use of structural formulas, such as those shown in Fig. I, in which the valence bonds between the atom are shown. These structural formulas are determined circumstantially, lhat is. by the chemical reactions into which the compounds enter. (However, (heir arrangements have been confirmed In many cases by a direci instrumental means such us speclrometric methods, x-ray studies, etc.) These reactions differ markedly for ethyl alcohol and methyl ether. Such compounds which have the same molecular formula but differ due to the arrangements or positions of their atoms are called isomers, and the type just cited, in which the difference is in the grouping of the atoms, are called functional isomers. These, and many other lypes of isomers, are treated in the entry on Isomerism. 

It is with the representation of chemical species by their so-called empirical formula (i.e. with no reference to structure) that we are here concerned. In such a representation ethyl alcohol is C2H60, and not C2H5OH or CH3CH2OH as more structured representations would have it. They will be referred to, where necessary, as representations of Class I. A formal theory of a simple structured representation has indeed been adumbrated [1,2], but it is not yet clear what the algebraic structure of the reaction system may be. 

We sometimes represent a molecule by giving its structural formula, which shows the specific connections between atoms and therefore gives more information than the chemical formula alone. Ethyl alcohol, for example, has the chemical formula C2H60 and the following structural formula ... 

A structural formula uses lines between atoms to indicate the covalent bonds. Thus, the two carbon atoms in ethyl alcohol are covalently bonded to each other, the oxygen atom is bonded to one of the carbon atoms, and the six hydrogen atoms are distributed three to one carbon, two to the other carbon, and one to the oxygen. 

It s important to realize that different isomers are different chemical compounds. They have different structures, different chemical properties, and different physical properties, such as melting point and boiling point. For example, ethyl alcohol (ethanol, or grain alcohol) and dimethyl ether both have the formula C2H60, yet ethyl alcohol is a liquid with a boiling point of 78.5°C, whereas dimethyl ether is a gas with a boiling point of —23°C. 

Consider also the molecular formula, C2H60. There are two structures which correspond to this formula dimethyl ether (6) and ethanol (ethyl alcohol) (7). 

Which of these two structures is correct Both of them satisfy the octet rule and neither has formal charges, so both are predicted to be of comparable stability. On the basis of what we have discussed so far, we cannot predict which is more stable. In fact, both of these compounds are quite stable and can be put in a bottle. But they are different compounds. Ethyl alcohol is the alcohol found in beverages. It is a liquid at room temperature. In contrast, dimethyl ether is a gas at room temperature and is quite poisonous. As was mentioned in Section 1.7, compounds such as these, with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of bonded atoms (different structures or different connectivities), are called constitutional isomers (or structural isomers). Constitutional isomerism is very common in organic compounds. This is another reason why it is necessary to show the structure of the compound under discussion rather than just the molecular formula. 

Most structural isomers have different boiling points and sometimes have quite different properties. Ethyl alcohol and methyl ether (isomers with the formula C H O) differ in their interactions with other molecules. Ethyl alcohol interacts violently with sodium metal, and methyl ether doesnT interact at all with sodium. 

Therefore, in accordance with the facts, viz., (a) unsaturation and instability of ethylene, (b) The formation of ethylene from ethyl alcohol by loss of water, (c) The formation of ethylene from ethyl bromide, or iodide, by loss of hydrogen bromide, or iodide, (d) The identity of the di-brom addition product of ethylene ethylene bromide), with the symmetrical di-brom ethane and, (e) in accordance with our conceptions of carbon in its space relations and the geometric condition of such space arrangement, the structural formula for ethylene has been accepted as follows ... 

Figure 3. Structural formulas help differentiate between substances that share identical molecular formulas, such as ethyl alcohol and methyl ether. fHustratiai by Hans Cassidy. Courtesy of Gale Group.

Here we have two substances, ethyl alcohol and methyl ether, which have the same molecular formula, C2H5O, and yet quite clearly are different compounds. How can we account for the existence of these two compounds The answer is they differ in molecular structure. Ethyl alcohol has the structure represented by I, and methyl ether the structure represented by II. As we shall see, the differences in physical and chemical properties of these two compounds can readily be accounted for on the basis of the difference in structure. 

Ethanol (ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol) has a molecular formula of C2H5OH. Represent the structure of ethanol using the Lewis electron dot approach. 

The properties of the two propyl alcohols lead to the conclusion that their structures should be represented by these formulas. Both compounds react with sodium, acids, halides of phosphorus, acyl chlorides, and acid anhydrides in the way which is characteristic of alcohols. A study of the products formed as the result of the oxidation of the two alcohols serves to determine the structure that should be assigned to each. The propyl alcohol which boils at 97.4° is converted by oxidizing agents into an aldehyde and an acid. It resembles ethyl alcohol in this respect. The isomeric alcohol boils at 82.1° and does not yield an aldehyde on oxidation. Acetone, a substance which belongs to the class of compounds known as ketones, is first... 

A compound of the composition C6H12O3 was converted into ethyl alcohol and a second compound of the composition C4H70sNa when it was boiled with a solution of sodium hydroxide. Write a possible structural formula of the original compound. 

Two molecules that contain the same number of each kind of afom but that have different molecular structures are said to be isomers of each other. For example, both ethyl alcohol and dimethyl ether (shown below) have the formula C2HgO and are isomers. Based on considerafions of intermolecular forces, which substance would you expect to be more volatile Which would you expect to have the higher boiling point Explain. 

The only 2 carbon alcohol portion possible is ethyl, which means the acid portion must be n-propyl. (The isopropyl configuration is not possible since the acid synthesized from the alcohol (ethyl) by carbonation of a Grignard reagent will be a straight chain also.) Therefore, the structural formula of A becomes ... 

Figure 3.7 shows the low-resolution spectrum of ethyl alcohol (or ethanol). This absorption spectrum, which is historically significant as one of the first NMR spectra to be recorded (Arnold et al., 1951), discloses that there are three types of hydrogen nuclei present in the ethanol molecule. Because NMR spectra provide valuable information about a molecule s structure, they are one of the most powerful tools available for characterizing unknown compounds or compounds for which we know the empirical formula but not the structure. 

In particular, a Russian chemist, Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov (1828-86), supported the new system. During the 1860s, he pointed out how the use of structural formulas could explain the existence of isomers (see page 103). For instance, to use a very simple case, ethyl alcohol and dimethyl ether, although possessing widely different properties, have the same empirical formula C2HeO. The structural formulas of the two compounds are ... 

The two isomers of Example 1.1 are quite different. Ethyl alcohol (grain alcohol) is a liquid at room temperature, whereas dimethyl ether is a gas. As we ve seen before, the structural differences exert a significant influence on properties. From this example, we can see that molecular formulas such as C2H5O provide much less information about a compound than do structural formulas. > Figure 1.6 shows ball-and-stick models of these two molecules. 

Methyl alcohol (also called methanol) has the structural formula CH3OH and is the simplest member of a family of organic compounds known as alcohols. The characteristic functional group of this family is the hydroxyl (—OH) group attached to an j -hybridized carbon atom. Another example of an alcohol is ethyl alcohol, CH3CH2OH (also called ethanol). 

Erlenmeyer found that the butyl alcohol present in fusel oil yields iso-butyric acid (see below) on oxidation, and is therefore isobutyl alcohol, and he also showed that from isobutyl iodide the same valeric acid is obtained as from the amyl alcohol of fusel oil, which is therefore isoamyl alcohol, derived from dimethylethylmethane. Secondary butyl alcohol was first obtained as hydrate de butylene from erythritol by de Luynes. A. Lieben obtained it from zinc ethyl and dichloroethyl ether, and since he found that on oxidation it gives a ketone he recognised it as secondary butyl alcohol. Lieben and A. Rossi obtained normal butyl alcohol from butyric acid, which was converted into butyraldehyde by distilling calcium butyrate and calcium formate, and a solution of this reduced with a large amount of sodium amalgam. They give structural formulae for the four butyl alcohols, with the boiling-points. 

Structural formulas like the ones we have written so far are useful, but they are also somewhat cumbersome. They take up a lot of space and are tiresome to write out Consequently, we often take some shortcuts that still convey the meaning of structural formulas. For example, we may abbreviate the structural formula of ethanol (ethyl alcohol) from ... 

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