Ethics contracts

Lund, V., Hemlin, S. and Lockeretz, W. 2002. Organic livestock production as viewed by Swedish farmers and organic initiators. Agriculture and Human Values 19(3) 255-268. Lund, V., Anthony, R. and Rocklinsberg, H. 2004a. The ethical contract as a tool in organic... 

These three safety-related pohcies, as well as the just and trusting culture pohcy, have come to be seen as a social and ethical contract. This contract lies between ... 

In effect, development of these new polices and the focus on the social and ethical contract represents the start of the Region s journey on this safety culture road. As clearly delineated by Reason (1997), an oiganizahon with a safety culture equates to one with an informed culture , that is, having an effective safety information system. A safety culture is also one that supports reporting, is just, demonstrates flexibility, and encourages learning. 

One way to make the importance of this clear is by including a business ethics provision in the tolling contract. The CMA Responsible Care initiative can be called out in such a provision and applied to both parties in the contract if they have both subscribed to its code of ethics. This is discussed further in Chapter 3, Mutual Agreements, Obligations and Contract Considerations. 

Johnson [17] identifies several topics related to liability, and she offers an important distinction as well. Among the topics related to liability and computer use in general are legal liability, the duty of honesty, the nature of contracts, misrepresentation, express and implied warranties, and negligence [17]. The relevant distinction concerns the nature of software as either a product or a service. Many of these topics hold little interest for the ethicist investigating computer ethics. For instance, legal liability is less important to philosophy than to jurisprudence. 

The coordinated approach contracting relationships built on collaboration, trust and close interpersonal ties define the coordinated approach. This approach means that the producer inherits the responsibility and costs of social auditing as they are passed down the supply chain. This is achieved, however, within the framework of close retailer-supplier relationships. Although subcontracting exists, known networks of traceable suppliers are involved. As such, it is possible to exert considerably greater control over the ethical trading process. 

The terminology used in this Standard is slightly different from the others in that it is appropriate for the particular discipline. For example, the term, referral laboratories in paragraph 4.5 of ISO 15189 is used in a slightly different sense to the comparable clause in ISO/IEC 17025. Included in this section are consultants who may provide a second opinion. If the referral laboratory is an external laboratory, to which samples are submitted for a supplementary or confirmatory examination procedure and report, it is much the same as a contract laboratory in ISO/IEC 17025. There is an extra Annex in this Standard which covers the ethics applicable to laboratory medicine. 

Army Medical Research and Development Command Contract Review Board and the Surgeon General s Human Use Committee and Clinical Investigation Committee, to insure uniform application of ethical standards for human research studies conducted within or sponsored by the Army Medical Department and other Army Agencies. 

In what follows, I will focus on the individual assumption operating in the "mainstream model." The Individual level also presupposes a reductive and idealized view of the research subject. It reduces her to a perfect contractor and centers the ethics of research on the informed consent process. Contractors follow the pattern of businessmen striking a bargain. As long as the contract process is fair, contractors are entitled only to what they bargained for. 

May WF. 1988. Code and covenant or philanthropy and contract Hastings Center report 1975. In Callahan JC (ed), Ethical Lssues in Professional Life, p. 93. New York Oxford University Press. 

Williams-Jones B, Burgess M. Social contract theory and just decision-making Lessons from genetic testing for the BRCA mutations. Kennedy Institute of Ethics J 2004 14 115-142. 

Scientific research is an important social process. As such, it is based on social contracts as guidelines, and perhaps the most important of these is ethical behavior. Progress in science is based on mutual trust and to achieve this, honesty is a cracial aspect of all scientific activity. 

When ethical drugs are to be manufactured by contract, the reason for the contracted manufacture, measured values, accelerated test, bioequivalence study, list of literature, etc., should be attached. It is necessary to attach a copy of the approval cancellation form for contracted manufacture and make a new application when changing from contracted mcmufacture to complete manufacture (See section Repackaging and Contracted Mcmufacturing). 

Setting up clinical studies is a lengthy process, as there are many documents to prepare [e.g. protocols and case report forms (CRFs)], study facilities to be assessed (e.g. study sites, CROs, clinical laboratories, phase I units), regulatory review to be considered and negotiations and agreements with study sites (e.g. contracts, finances, confidentiality, indemnity, insurance) to be undertaken. In addition, as will be dealt with in subsequent sections, ethical aspects of the study must be considered (e.g. ethics committee and IRB review and informed consent requirements), and study medications/devices must be organized. 

A key component to setting any type of ethical guidelines for modelers must include the responsibilities owed the client and responsibilities owed the employer. Bayles (1989) presents various paradigms for the relationship between clients and modeler based on who has the power to make decisions. Responsibility then lies with the individual making the decisions and depends on the interaction between client and modeler. In one case, the client relinquishes control and input over the model, depending entirely on the modeler to make decisions. A second situation is where the modeler is expected to develop and present the model, but the client, such as a project team or perhaps small biotechnology company who has contracted an analysis to a consultant, has no modeling experience or basis to contribute to development of the model. Both situations can... 

Create a culture throughout our organization where the importance of personal health, safety and environmental ethics, and decision making is clearly understood at all levels, both among employees and contract workers. 

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