Ethical trade

These defining principles have been used by Browne et al. (2000) to develop a composite definition of ethical trading as follows ... 

Ethical trading is defined as trading in which the relationship between the... 

Table 21.1 Contrast between organic production and ethical trade...

The arm s length approach as a result of lack of funding associated with ethical trade, there is only limited use of third-party auditors. However, the partial use of independent auditors does occur mainly within the context of arm s length relationships between retailers, auditors and suppliers. This can be defined as the contractual relations between companies involving competitive bidding and playing-off of suppliers. Weak social ties and detached social relations are characteristic of such relationships (Doel, 1996, 1999). 

The coordinated approach contracting relationships built on collaboration, trust and close interpersonal ties define the coordinated approach. This approach means that the producer inherits the responsibility and costs of social auditing as they are passed down the supply chain. This is achieved, however, within the framework of close retailer-supplier relationships. Although subcontracting exists, known networks of traceable suppliers are involved. As such, it is possible to exert considerably greater control over the ethical trading process. 

Those who are willing to pay extra for goods traded in an ethical manner do so based on the understanding that significantly improved livelihoods result from the premium paid for fair trade and/or organic certified produce. Statements on packaging of ethically traded products relating to the impact on the livelihoods of producer communities serve to link consumption and production for the consumer. 

Blowfield, M. (1999). Ethical Trade A Review of Developments and Issues. Unpublished report for NRI, University of Greenwich, UK. 

Browne, A.W., Harris, P.J.C., Hofny-Collins, A.H., Pasiecznik, N. and Wallace, R.R. (2000). Organic production and ethical trade definition, practice and links , Food Policy, 25, 69-89. 

ETI (1997). Ethical Trading Initiative - Information Pack Everything You Need to Know about the Ethical Trading Initiative, Ethical Trading Initiative, London. 

ETI (1999). Learning from Doing Review, Ethical Trading Initiative, London. 

House of Commons (1999). Ethical Trading, Sixth Report of the Trade and Industry Committee, The Stationery Office, London. 

Hughes, A. (2005). Corporate strategy and the management of ethical trade the case of the UK food and clothing retailers , Environment and Planning A, 37 (7), 1145-63. 

Ethics, Trade-offs and Medical Radiation by Eugene L. 

Sir Edward Pochin (1978) Why be Quantitative about Radiation Risk Estimates Hymer L. Friedell (1979) Radiation Protection-Concepts and Trade Offs Harold O. Wyckoff (1980) From Quantity of Radiation and Dose to Exposure and Absorbed Dose -An Historical Review James F. Crow (1981) How Well Can We Assess Genetic Risk Not Very Eugene L. Saenger (1982) Ethics, Trade-offs and Medical Radiation Merril Eisenbud (1983) The Human Environment-Past, Present and Future Harald H. Rossi (1984) Limitation and Assessment in Radiation Protection John H. Harley (1985) Truth (and Beauty) in Radiation Measurement Herman P. Schwan (1986) Biological Effects of Non-ionizing Radiations ... 

Across the Atlantic, Nicholson-Lord (2003) tirgues that British organic farm conversion slowed to 3% in 2002-2003, while 10% of organic farms reverted to conventional status because their organic premium was lost in a maturing market. In response, the Soil Association (2003a) hoped to introduce ethical trade certification in 2004, for small and medium-scale British farmers and processors, similar to global Fair Trade schemes. 

Blowfield, Mick (2000), Tundamentals of Ethical Trading in D. Giovannucci (ed ). The Guide to Developing Agricultural Markets and Agro-enterprises, The World Bank, Washington DC, United States of America. 

Zadek, S., Lingayah, S., Forstater, M., 1998. Social Labels Tools for Ethical Trade. New Economics Foundation for the European Commission. 

Ethics, Trade-offs and Medical Radiation by Eugene L. Saenger (1982) [Available also in Radiation Protection and New Medical Diagnostic Approaches, see above.] The Human Environment-Past, Present and Future by Merril Eisenbud (1983) [Available also in Environmental Radioactivity, see above]... 

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