Erythropoietin stimulating agent

Crouch Z, DeSantis ER. Use of erythropoietin-stimulating agents in breast cancer patients a risk review. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2009 66(13) 1180-5. 

Macdougall IC (2005) CERA (Continuous Erythropoietin Receptor Activator) a new erythropoiesis-stimulating agent for the treatment of anemia. Curr Hematol Rep 4 436-440... 

The first-line treatment for anemia of CKD involves replacement of erythropoietin with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). Use of ESAs increases the iron demand for RBC production and iron deficiency is common, requiring iron supplementation to correct and maintain adequate iron stores to promote RBC production. Androgens were used extensively... 

Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents Agents developed by recombinant DNA technology that have the same biologic activity as endogenous erythropoietin to stimulate erythropoiesis (red blood cell production) in the bone marrow. 

Sinclair AM, Todd MD, Forsythe MD, Knox SJ, Elliott S, Begley CG. Expression and function of erythropoietin receptors in tumors implications for the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in cancer patients. Cancer 2007 110 477-88. 

Renal anaemia is generally treated with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), of which three are currently in general use the erythropoietins, namely epoetin alfa (Eprex), epoetin beta (NeoRecormon) and darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp). 

Erythrocyte-stimulating agents Erjdhrocyte-stimulating agents such as erythropoietin increase BP in as many as 20% of patients with anemia or chronic kidney disease... 

Rx Erythropoietin and Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents [SED-15, 1243 SEDA -30, 388 SEDA-31, 538 SEDA-32, 597 SEDA-33, 681]... 

Clinical pharmacology Erythropoietin is instrumental in the production of red cells from the erythroid tissues in the bone marrow. The majority of this hormone is produced in the kidney in response to hypoxia, with an additional 10% to 15% of synthesis occurring in the hver. Erythropoietin functions as a growth factor, stimulating the mitotic activity of the erythroid progenitor cells and early precursor cells. Chronic renal failure patients often manifest the sequelae of renal dysfunction, including anemia. Anemia in cancer patients may be related to the disease itself or the effect of concomitantly administered chemotherapeutic agents. 

The biotechnology industry has evolved significantly since the introduction in 1982 of human insulin synthesized in Escherichia coli—the first Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved recombinant therapeutic agent in the United States. Since then, over 75 other recombinant proteins have been introduced. The list is comprised of cytokines, hormones, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines. There are more than 1100 companies competing for this market, and the current sale of these products comprises approximately 10% of the sales of all therapeutic products sold in the United States. One such product, erythropoietin, an erythropoiesis-stimulating factor also known... 

Nowadays, such vectors and cultured animal cells are preferred for large-scale production of therapeutic proteins such as tissue plasminogen activator (an anticlotting agent) and erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates production of red blood cells. I... 

The pathway is negatively regulated by protein tyrosine phosphatases and by feedback inhibition through STAT-mediated expression of suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCs). Agonists for cytokine receptors are currently used to stimulate red blood cell maturation in anemia (erythropoietin) and to stimulate the immune system (interferons). The cascade nature of the cytokine pathway lends itself to future agents that specifically target components of the pathway. 

Classes of substances currently banned by the IOC include stimulants (amphetamines, cocaine, caffeine, pseudoephedrine), narcotics (heroin, methadone), anabolic agents (testosterone, nandrolone), diuretics (acetazolamide, spironolactone), and peptide hormones and their mimetics and analogs (erythropoietin, human growth hormone). Alcohol and marijuana at specified levels are also prohibited. For the latter, a level of as little as 15 ng/mL of 11-nor-A°-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid is a violation of the rules. A complete... 

---