Stimulant agent

Extension of the alkyl group on the carbon bearing the amine changes the pharmacologic profile. Reductive amination of 1-phenylbutanone-2 (60) with pyrrolidine in formic acid gives pro-litane (61), a central nervous system stimulant agent with antidepressant properties. 

FIGURE 9.11 An example of a cellular system designed to study inflammatory processes related to asthma and arthritis. Multiple readouts (ELISA measurements) from each of four cell types are obtained under conditions of four contexts (mixture of stimulating agents). This results in a complex heat map of basal cellular activities that can be affected by compounds. The changes in the heat map (measured as ratios of basal to compound-altered activity) are analyzed statistically to yield associations and differences. 

To date, 152 species of flowering plants belonging to 46 different families, as well as a few species of mushrooms, mosses, ferns, and lichens, have been screened. Extracts from 20 seed plants have shown enough inhibitory activity to warrant further study. Leaf extracts of members of three families, Liliaceae, Pinaceae, and Labiateae, show a high incidence of antiviral agents. Several members of the Capri-foliaceae, on the other hand, contain virus-stimulating agents. 

Macdougall IC (2005) CERA (Continuous Erythropoietin Receptor Activator) a new erythropoiesis-stimulating agent for the treatment of anemia. Curr Hematol Rep 4 436-440... 

Patients with CKD should be evaluated for anemia when the GFR falls below 60 mL/minute or if the serum creatinine rises above 2 mg/dL (176.8 mmol/L). If the Hgb is less than 11 g/dL (6.8 mmol/L), an anemia work-up should be performed. The work-up for anemia should rule out other potential causes for anemia (see Chapter 63). Abnormalities found during the anemia work-up should be corrected before initiating erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA),... 

The first-line treatment for anemia of CKD involves replacement of erythropoietin with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). Use of ESAs increases the iron demand for RBC production and iron deficiency is common, requiring iron supplementation to correct and maintain adequate iron stores to promote RBC production. Androgens were used extensively... 

Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents Agents developed by recombinant DNA technology that have the same biologic activity as endogenous erythropoietin to stimulate erythropoiesis (red blood cell production) in the bone marrow. 

Regelson W, Butler JR, Schulz J, Kirk T, Peek L, Green ML and Zalis MO (1976). Delta-9-THC as an effective antidepressant An appetite stimulating agent in advanced cancer patients. In MC Braude and S Szara (eds), The Pharmacology of Marihuana (pp. 763-775). Raven Press, New York. 

FIGURE 76-5. Guidelines for iron therapy in the management of the anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD). (CHr, content of hemoglobin in the reticulocytes ESA, erythropoietic-stimulating agent Hb, hemoglobin HD, hemodialysis PD, peritoneal dialysis TSat transferrin saturation.)... 

Avoid evening use of stimulating agents, e.g. alcohol or caffeine Avoid day-time naps... 

H. Pittner, H. Stormann, R. Enzenhofer, Pharmacodynamic Actions of Midodrine, a New a-Adrenergic Stimulating Agent, and Its Main Metabolite, ST 1059 , Arzneim.-Forsch. 1976, 26, 2145 - 2154. 

Tabte 12.1. Recruiting, alarming, and growth stimulating agents... 

Gastrointestinal tract. Relaxation of GIT smooth muscle can be brought about by both a and (3 stimulant agents. Alpha stimulants especially selective agonists, decrease muscle activity indirectly by presynaptically reducing the release of catecholamines, a -receptors may also decrease salt and water flux into the lumen of the intestine. 

Chronic use of inhaled corticosteroids effectively reduces symptoms and improves pulmonary function in patients with mild asthma. Such use also reduces or eliminates the need for oral corticosteroids in patients with more severe disease. In contrast to B-stimulant agents and theophylline, chronic use of inhaled corticosteroids reduces bronchial reactivity. Because of the... 

TABLE 19.3 Preclinical evidence of carcinogenic risk with erythropoiesis stimulating agents... 

Sinclair AM, Todd MD, Forsythe MD, Knox SJ, Elliott S, Begley CG. Expression and function of erythropoietin receptors in tumors implications for the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in cancer patients. Cancer 2007 110 477-88. 

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