Erythrocyte membranes, lipid peroxidation

Human erythrocyte membranes Lipid peroxidation was inhibited by capsaicin [125]... 

The accumulation of hydrogen peroxidase affects many intracellular processes and results in hemolysis. These include the cross-linking of membrane proteins hemoglobin denaturation (manifest as Heinz body formation), which in turn affects the physical properties of the erythrocyte and lipid peroxidation, which may affect the cell membrane to cause direct hemolysis (Fig. 11-8). The resultant damage leads to a mixture of intravascular hemolysis and extravascu-lar hemolysis (by which hemolysis occurs in the reticuloendothelial system). In acute hemolytic episodes, the clinical picture is of predominantly intravascular hemolysis, while predominantly extravascular hemolysis is seen in patients with chronic hemolysis. 

Ando, K., Nagata, K., Beppu, M., Kikugawa, K., Kawabata, T., Hasegawa, K., and Suzuki, M., Effect of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on lipid peroxidation and protein aggregation in rat erythrocyte membranes. Lipids, 33, 505-512, 1998. 

Yang XL, Huang C, Qiao XG, Yao L, Zhao DX, Tan X (2007e) Photo-induced lipid peroxidation of erythrocyte membranes by a bis-methanophosphonate fullerene. Toxicol. In Vitro 21 1493-1498. 

Japanese scientists believe that the anti-oketsu effects of rhubarb are brought about by the inhibition of the production of nitric oxide, inhibition of platelet aggregation, antiallergic effects, and its antiinflammatory properties. Matsuda et al. (2001) studied and reported that the methanolic extracts from five kinds of rhubarb were found to show scavenging activity for l,l-diphenyl-2-picrylhy-drazyl (DPPH) radical and superoxide anion radical (02 ) generated by the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system and/or on lipid peroxidation by terf-butyl hydroperoxide (f-BuOOH) in the erythrocyte membrane ghost system. 

Free radicals through lipid peroxidation can cause membrane damage, induce electrolyte imbalance and edema. Indeed, children with kwashiorkor display low levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g., linoleic acid) in the erythrocyte membrane compared to the marasmic children, presumably due to increased lipid peroxidation (Leichsenring et al., 1995). Interestingly, cysteinyl leukotrienes, which can cause edema by altering capillary permeability, are also enhanced in those with kwashiorkor but not marasmic children (Mayatepek et al., 1993). 

Ferryl myoglobin species (either the FeIV=0 itself or the protein free radicals) are capable of catalysing lipid peroxidation in model membranes [238], erythrocytes [239] and low-density lipoproteins [240]. They can also oxidise phenols, styrene, 3-carotene and ascorbate [211], At high peroxide levels, protein cross-linking is observed, followed by iron release which can result in Fenton chemistry in vitro. However, it is difficult to see how the peroxide haem ratio can ever be high enough in vivo to initiate these reactions. 

Incorporation of ruptured erythrocytes into the incubation system, at equimolar concentrations of oxyhaemoglobin to 15-HPETE, extensively protected the membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids from lipid peroxidation... 

Several in vitro studies proved that treatment of intact erythrocytes with nitrites causes the oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin by radical generation along with a decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) level associated with erythrocyte membrane dysfunctions and namely altered cell ionic flux, lipid peroxidation, and perturbation of membrane transport (Batina et al 1990 May et al 2000). Nitrate/ nitrite-induced oxidation of biological molecules potentiates reactions, which interfere in the oxidative chain and which can affect some antioxidant systems. 

There is also evidence that erythrocytes have a shorter htilf-life than normal in scurvy, possibly as a result of peroxidative dtimage to membrane lipids from impairment of the reduction of tocopheroxyl radictil by ascorbate (Section... 

Iguchi H, Kojo S. 1989. Possible generation of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation of erythrocyte membrane by asbestos Cytotoxic mechanism of asbestos. Biochem hit 18 981-990. 

E. Grzelinska, G. Bartosz, K. Gwordzinski and W. Leyko, A spin-lebel study of the effect of gamma radiation on erythrocyte membrane. Influence of lipid peroxidation on membrane structure, Int.J.Radiat. Biol. 36 (1979) 325-334. 

Copper chelates have also been found to inhibit superoxide-induced lipid peroxidation in other in vitro systems, Copper(II)2(aspirinate)4, Cu(I)/(II)-penicillamine, and Cu(II)2(indomethacin)4 were as effective as or more effective than Cu-Zn SOD in inhibiting erythrocyte membrane and liver microsomal membrane peroxidation [636]. Copper(II)(tyrosinate)2 was also found to be a very efficient inhibitor of NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation in phe-nobarbital-induced rat liver microsomes [698]. Even though Cu-Zn SOD was ineffective in inhibiting this peroxidation, it was suggested that superoxide and other radicals participated in this NADPH-dependent peroxidation of microsomal unsaturated fatty acids and that these radicals react in domains of the microsomal membrane that are inaccessible to Cu-Zn SOD. The small size and lipophilic character of Cu(II)(tyrosinate)2 allow penetration into these domains and the prevention of peroxidation. 

The antioxidant behavior of astaxanthin has been demonstrated in vivo as well. In Haematococcus algae, astaxanthin is accumulated as part of a stress response, and it is believed to protect cellular DNA from photodynamic damage. This carotenoid also protects lipids from peroxidation in trout and salmon. In chicks, astaxanthin supplementation suppressed the formation of lipid peroxides in the plasma. Significant biological antioxidant effects have been observed in vitamin E-deficient rats fed an astaxanthin-rich diet these include protection of mitochondrial function and inhibition of peroxidation of erythrocyte membranes. In two independent studies, lipid peroxidation in the seram and liver of astaxanthin-fed rats treated with carbon tetrachloride was... 

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