Equipment spacing

Fig. 14. Outside battery limit (OSBL) equipment spacing. Minimum spacing for off-site equipment is in meters. Classifications of tankage are Class 1 high ha2ard, flash point below 38°C Class 2 low ha2ard, flash point above 38°C. NFPA = National Fine Protection Association. Safety standards are calculated...

Another deep-bed spiral-activated solids-transport device is shown by Fig. ll-60e. The flights cany a heat-transfer medium as well as the jacket. A unique feature of this device which is purported to increase heat-transfer capability in a given equipment space and cost is the dense-phase fluidization of the deep bed that promotes agitation and moisture removal on drying operations. 

Propagation Minimize Hazardous Materials, and Flammable Quantities, Maximize Use of Non-flammable, Equipment Spacing, and [nstail Check and Emergency Shutoffs. 

Whether floor space is a major factor in the design of a particular plant depends on the value of land near the proposed site. The engineer should, however, allot floor space economically, consistent with good housekeeping in the plant and should be sure to consider line flow of materials, access to equipment, space to permit working on parts of equipment that need frequent servicing, and the safety and comfort of the operators. 

Mitigating events or mitigating factors act to impede the accident sequence, resulting in less severe consequences. Examples include detection and activation of emergency shutdown systems, operator intervention, spill containment, equipment spacing, natural dispersion, and reducing the... 

Laboratory algal assays for monitoring the toxicity of an allelochemical are very useful, due to the ease and rapidity with which the organism can be cultured and their responses measured. They also require less equipment, space and time of the researcher. 

With liquid media bioassays, it is possible to obtain a lot of information about the activity of the allelochemical (toxicity, type of inhibition on the growth curve, morphological modification on the test alga, etc.). But the time of response can be long (about 15 d) and for disk bioassay more equipment, space etc. are necessary. 

Propagation Diminish Emergency material transfer Reduce inventories of flammable materials Equipment spacing and layout Nonflammable construction materials Installation of check and emergency shutoff valves... 

The Dow indexes are useful for determining equipment spacing requirements. The F EI uses an empirical correlation based entirely on the F EI value to estimate the radius of exposure. It is assumed that any equipment located outside this distance would not be damaged by a fire or explosion. The CEI estimates the hazard distance for chemical exposure based on the emergency response planning guideline (ERPG) values for the particular material released. 

The spacing recommendations for process layout have been presented in literature as matrixes and lists of the typical minimum distances between different process items (Industrial Risk Insurers (1991) Bausbacher and Hunt (1993) Prugh (1982)). A suitable distance to another process item depends mostly on the safety properties of the process items. The clearance required for maintenance and access determine usually shorter spacings compared to safety clearances. In some references access and maintenance clearances are given separately. Therefore it can be assumed that the average of the recommended equipment spacings is mostly related to the general unsafety of a specific process item. 

Equipment items Average equipment spacing in metres by ... 

Outside battery limit (OSBL), 19 494 for equipment spacing, 19 519 Outside processes, in fiber optic fabrication, 11 140-141... 

Ladders are permitted as a second means of egress from areas not considered a high hazard, such as from boiler rooms or similar utility or equipment spaces that are normally not occupied by more than three people who are all capable of using a ladder. 

Ionization smoke detectors can be used in general accommodation areas such as corridors and public restrooms, to monitor the escape routes. They may be used in some types of equipment spaces, depending on ventilation. 

Water mist systems are intended for rapid suppression of fires using water discharged into completely enclosed limited volume spaces. Water mist systems are desirable for spaces where the amount of water that can be stored or that can be discharged is limited. In addition, their application and effectiveness for flammable liquid storage facilities and electrical equipment spaces continues to be investigated with optimistic results. Water mist systems are also used for gas turbine enclosure protection. 

On the basis of the polymerization alone, it is difficult to specify definite dryer selection rules since typically polymer properties differ over a wide range. The choice of dryer is also limited by the physical properties of the polymers, e.g., polymer-handling characteristics, individual or closely related drying curves, properties of the emitted volatiles, limitations on temperature, and particle size and distribution requirements. Other factors include equipment space limitations, production rates, pollution control requirements, solvent recovery, thermal sensitivity, and product quality specifications. 

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