Equipment and Measurement

Taking several representative or worst-case swab samples from equipment and measuring active recovered from the swab... 

The bio-activity of synthesized samples was estimated from mobility parameters of unicellular microorganisms measured by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). The following characteristics of cell population were measured cell concentration (units/ml) % of mobile cells mean translation velocity (pm/s), cell rotational frequency of (Hz) flagella beat frequency (Hz), distribution of beat frequencies, and kinetic energy of cell motion in a viscous environment (arbitrary units). Details of experimental equipment and measurement procedures may be found elsewhere.7,8 All parameters were measured with an accuracy of about 2%.9... 

Thermal probes can be constructed quite easily and cheaply. Their response is non-directional, and very small devices with diameters between 0.5 and 1 mm can be fashioned. They are very simple to use with almost every kind of ultrasonic equipment and measurements can be made very rapidly. Several kinds of thermal probes have been described which are basically thermocouples or thermistors used bare or embedded in an absorbing medium. Bare probes are used to measure the actual temperature of the medium, just as in a calorimeter. Coated probes will generate internal heat under the influence of the sound wave and are used to determine local power dissipation in the absence of stirring. Coated probes are often used in conjunction with a bare probe, and the temperature difference between the two probes is then proportional to the acoustic power. Great care should be taken since the response of a coated probe strongly depends on its nature and geometry, and on the medium used. 

Whereas readers are referred to these specific documents for details available on the Web site http //www.fda.gov/cder/fdama, some of the specifics are briefly mentioned here. The essence of this guidance emphasizes the importance of the overall quality assurance in manufacturing a PET radiopharmaceutical. All equipment and measurements used in the manufacture must be validated. The areas and hoods in which PET radiopharmaceuticals are manufactured must be run in a sterile condition. The personnel responsible for the manufacture must be well trained in the methodology, and an appropriate number of personnel are required in a production laboratory. Each step of the production must be verified and records must be maintained. The sterility and pyrogen testing of the finished product must be performed by appropriate methods. If a PET radiopharmaceutical is to be commercially distributed, appropriate containers and techniques must be adopted for safe shipments. 

The samples were immersed in demineralised water for the ageing experiments and placed in an oven at 90°C + 2°C. After a certain immersion time, a sample was taken out of the oven and cooled in water at a temperature of 20°C. Subsequently, the sample was surface dried, connected with the measuring equipment and measured. This procedure was performed in about five minutes. A separate sample was used for each measurement. It is important to realise that although the samples were stored in water at 90°C, the resistivity measurement itself was performed at room temperature. The measuring procedure was kept as short as possible, j>(60) i.e. some time dependency of the measuring currents could stil be measured, to keep the moisture evaporation losses as low as possible. 

Depending on the products and the nature of the operations carried out, the equipment and measures implemented must be adapted to the inherent risks. Additionally, radiopharmaceutical substances must be handled in accordance with special legislation. 

General uncertainty of measurement is said to be dispersed between the measured values and parameter values that are interrelated. In other words, in the course of measurement of physical quantities, such as personnel, equipment and measurement of environmental impact, the degree of uncertainty for measurement result. And evaluation of uncertainty in measurement is by means of a quantitative determine the extent of such uncertainty, the purpose of which is to determine the distribution of measurement range and measurement result reliability level. Observation column evaluation results of the statistical analysis of standard uncertainty is called type A standard uncertainty. Are different from those used for observing statistical analysis to evaluate the uncertainty of standard uncertainty is known as type B standard uncertainty . 

Among internal sources of error, we can distinguish between the errors related to the method, and thus to the indicator parameter chosen for the calibration of the concentration, and the errors due to the instruments and associated with the experimental conditions. An optimisation of the method, equipment and measurement conditions, as described, contribute to the reduction of these errors. 

Survey means an evaluation of the radiation hazards incident to the prodnction, nse, release, disposal, or presence of radioactive materials or other sources of radiation nnder a specific set of conditions. When appropriate, such evaluation includes a physical survey of the location of materials and equipment and measurements of levels of radiation or concentrations of radioactive material present. Every employer shall supply appropriate personnel monitoring equipment, snch as film badges, pocket chambers, pocket dosimeters, or film rings, and should ensure the use of such equipment by exposed employees. Personnel monitoring equipment means devices designed to be worn or carried by an individual for the purpose of measuring the dose received. 

You will need to assess the risks of this new workplace and determine the best way to minimize those risks within the limitations of the facilities, equipment, and measures provided by your employer. 

Properties of, and hazards presented by, the chemicals used in the operations Precautions you will take to prevent the exposure of chemicals used in your operations to personnel and the environment. The precautions must include control technology, personal protective equipment, and measures to be taken if physical contact or airborne exposure occurs ... 

Test equipment and measurement standards should be labeled to indicate the date of last calibration, by whom it was calibrated, and when the next calibration is due. When the size of the equipment limits the application of labels, an identifying code should be applied to reflect the serviceability and due date for the next calibration. This provides a visual indication of the calibration serviceability status. Both the headquarters calibration organization and the instrument user should maintain a two-way check on calibration. A simple means of doing this is to have a small form for each instrument with a calendar of weeks or months (depending on the interval required) across the top, which can be punched and noticed to indicate the calibration due date. 

The strategy to conduct the case study was divided into five main steps (1) Characterization of the industry and the study sample (2) Definition of the measurement strategy (3) Equipment and measurement conditions (4) Data processing (5) Identification of the chemical substances and analysis of the possibility of a combined effect of noise and ototoxic substances. 

The following numbers may create a feeling of the volume of erection work to be accomplished around 70 km of pipe work with 3000 supports, 21000 valves, 1100 pumps and blowers, 1500 vessels and heat exchangers had to be installed This included also the drilling of about 300000 plug holes 5000 km of cables to supply 8700 pieces of equipment and measuring circuits had to be routed Some milestones of this period are listed in Table 3 3... 

Experiments at supercritical pressures are very expensive and require sophisticated equipment and measuring techniques. Therefore, some of these studies (eg, heat transfer in fuel bundles) are proprietary and hence are not published in open literature. 

The flash point is determined by heating the liquid in test equipment and measuring the temperature at which a flash will be obtained when a small flame is introduced in the vapor zone above the surface of the liquid. 

---