Enzyme manufacturing technical enzymes

The cost of technical services rendered by the enzyme manufacturer, particularly in the beginning, also tends to be prohibitive. The limitations on organisms see Safety, below) are restrictive in an economic sense as well. In general, conditions do not encourage new enzyme and new application research by the enzyme manufacturer in the U.S. Traditionally very low portions of gross sales are spent on this type of research. Most expenditures are for extending uses and improving enzymes already in the company s list. The interest and activity in immobilized enzymes has introduced another factor relative to economics—recoverability of the enzyme for reuse. 

These advantages have a positive influence on the economy of biotechnical manufacturing processes. In many cases expensive starting materials can be replaced by cheaper and simpler substrates of the biochemical reaction which results in a favourable cost price for the flavour extract. Compared to commodities which meanwhile include numerous biotechnical products (e.g. technical enzymes), the relatively high prices obtainable for flavour chemicals justify the relatively complicated techniques necessary for biotechnical processes. Production of flavour chemicals is, therefore, an interesting further application of biotechnology in line with e. g. the generation of pharmaceutical products. 

Enzyme Not Commercially Available Enzyme is Proprietary to the Vendor This situation, at least on the surface, is similar to the preceding scenario, except that the enzyme is not commercially available. There are many situations in which a customer may find an enzyme that will work well for a process, but the vendor or IP owner may not want to commercialize the enzyme. This may simply be due to a case of insufficient demand to justify custom manufacture of an enzyme, or it can occur when a company changes its business focus or is bought by another company with no desire to manufacture the enzyme. If the lack of commercial availability is not due to technical reasons, then a supply of enzyme could be developed by negotiation with the IP owner and may involve a third party if the IP owner does not have production capability. This scenario will likely result in reliance on a single supplier unless a suitable agreement can be reached with the IP owner. If a production process has not been developed for the enzyme, then this can add to lead time to establish a supply and increase risk that a suitable supply may not be developed. 

Novozymes is a market leader in enzyme solutions. Their manufacturing capabilities are based on an advanced biotech platform, for identifying new enzyme applications. Novozymes produces and sells more than 500 enzyme products covering more than 20 different industries in the food, feed and technical sectors, in 120 countries. With more than 75 types of enzymes and almost 600 different products, Novozymes has the world largest enzymes portfolio. 

In most cases, it is best to employ a temperature near or below the catalyst s thermostable limit (determined from the technical hterature, the manufacturer, or through screening experiments). However, in a few cases, low temperature operahon is desired. One example is acyl transfer reachons involving pephde. A common problem associated with this category is the occurrence of a side reachon, hydrolysis. Moreover, a compehhon exists between the amino acid acyl acceptor and water, both acting as nucleophiles toward the acyl-enzyme intermediate. Adlercreutz and co-workers discovered that the selectivity of chymotrypsin toward acyl exchange over hydrolysis increased as temperature decreased. - Hence, operation is best at lower temperatures. A second situation is when low temperature selectively precipitates the desired product (discussed below). 

Because of their poor water solubility (the main technical requisite for the use of proteins in cosmetic formulations) and the difficulty of extraction from the matrix, most proteins are unsuitable for use in the manufacture of cosmetic preparations in the form in which they occur in nature. Only a few native proteins, such as collagen, serum albumin, and enzymes, can be isolated as soluble native proteins. To make proteins suitable for use in water-based cosmetic products and in a wide range of applications, natural proteins need to be converted into a soluble form this is usually attained by the hydrolysis procedure, i.e., cleavage of the protein macromolecule by disruption of some of the peptide bonds. 

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