Enzyme enzymatic

Enzyme Enzymatic activities (nkat/ml) Improvement of debarking... 

Production of all naturally occurring polymers in vivo is catalyzed by enzymes. Polymerizations catalyzed by an enzyme ( enzymatic polymerizations ) have received much attention as new methodology [6-11], since in recent years structural variation of synthetic targets on polymers has begun to develop highly selective polymerizations for the increasing demands in the production of various functional polymers in material science. So far, in vitro syntheses of not only biopolymers but also non-natural synthetic polymers through enzymatic catalysis have been achieved [6-11]. 

Index Entries Cellulolytic enzymes hemicellulolytic enzymes enzymatic hydrolysis coinduction. 

Molecular shapes are known to constitute the basis for the specific action of enzymes. Enzymatic reactions with carbohydrates require contact between enzyme and substrate at two or more points.4 The contribution of molecular shapes to enzymatic reactions may, however, be greater than the mere determination of specificity. If contact between enzyme and substrate were to occur when the latter possessed an unusual, high-energy molecular shape the shape might provide the energy or drive which causes certain of the reactions to occur.5... 

Compounds of this type must have a structure with two separate moieties, the binding site partner and the catalytic site partner, being spatially arranged according to the active site structure of the enzyme. Enzymatic processes involved in the interaction with such compounds are shown in the following equations ... 

This book is based predominantly on the patent literature and provides how to data regarding the production, purification, and application of commercial enzymes. Coverage is not limited to food applications, and 70 subjects are grouped as Enzymes, Enzymatic Processing, Enzyme Stabilization, Polymer-Enzyme Products, Cell Culture, Protein Analysis, Nucleic Acids etc.. Amino Acids, Peptide Synthesis, and Applications. Indexing includes U.S. patent number, company and patent assignee, inventor, and subject. 

Kinetic resolution with racemisation Enzymes versus whole organisms Desymmetrisation with lipases Immobilised enzymes in desymmetrisation Polymer-supported reagents and enzymes Effects of amines on lipases and esterases Other acylating enzymes Enzymatic Oxidation... 

Available for public use are additional databases that contain listings of enzymes, enzymatic pathways, and reaction... 

FIGURE 11.9 Design of enzymatically active multicomparbnent polymersomes. (a) Multicom-partment system consists of PEO-IfPB vesicles loaded with cytosolic enzymes, enzymatic substrates, and semipermeable PS-h-PIAT nanoreactors encapsulating distinctive enzymes [3]. (b) Cascade reaction between the separately encapsulated HRP and GOx enzymes can take place, due to the structure of the system and the embedding of the porin OmpF in the inner membrane compartment [11], (Adapted from Refs. [3,11 ] with permission of Royal Society of Chemistry and Wiler-VCH.)... 

The most important conversions in the context of green chemistry is with the help of enzymes. Enzymes are also referred to as biocatalysts and the transformations are referred to as biocatalytic conversions. Enzymes are now easily available and are an important tool in organic synthesis. The earliest biocatalytic conversion known to mankind is the manufacture of ethyl alcohol from molasses, the mother liquor left after the crystallisation of cane sugar from concentrated cane juice. This transformation is brought about by the enzyme invertase which converts sucrose into glucose and fructose and finally by the enzyme zymase which converts glucose and fiuctose into ethyl alcohol. It is well known that most of the antibiotics have been prepared using enzymes (enzymatic fermentation). 

Gtibitz GM, Cavaco-Paulo A (2003) New substrates for reliable enzymes enzymatic modification of polymers. Curr Opin Biotech 14 577-582... 

Mihalyi, E. (1978) Proteolytic enzymes, enzymatic proteolysis—general considerations, in Application of Proteolytic Enzymes to Protein Structure Studies, 2nd ed., 1,43-149... 

PKA and AP, respectively (Wang et al 2010 Zelzer, McNamara, et al 2012), as well as the triggered availability of a peptide sequence on the surface (Todd et al 2009). As peptides are natural substrates for enzymes, enzymatic response of a peptide surface appears to be an ideal way to interface a biomaterial surface with a living system. Enzymatic stimulation of peptide surfaces has the advantage that the environmental conditions required (physiological conditions) are ideal for both the peptide and the stimulus. For applications in living systems, emphasis must be placed on a well-designed peptide surface to prevent unwanted interaction with other enzymes. 

SO2 is not only antimicrobially active, but inhibits discoloration by blocking compounds with a reactive carbonyl group (Maillard reaction nonenzymatic browning) or by inhibiting oxidation of phenols by phenol oxidase enzymes (enzymatic browning). 

At one of the electrodes at least, the catalyst for the electrochemical reaction are microorganisms (microbial fuel cells) or enzymes (enzymatic fuel cells). 

Several improvements of the process, such as the reaction with acyl chlorides or the application of two-phase reaction systems with propylene glycol and an emulsifier in order to build a microemulsion, have been described in the literature and patents [21]. Another approach for the synthesis of sugar esters is the use of enzymes. Enzymatic catalysis in the field of carbohydrate chemistry has been actively explored over years in laboratory... 

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