Synthesized in vitro

Currently, most commercially available DNA microarrays include spots that correspond to in vitro transcribed RNA from an unrelated organism (Yang, 2006). These RNAs can be either purchased as a ready-to-use mix or synthesized in vitro. 

Corresponding approaches were developed in all the research methods theoretical, computer simulation, and, moreover, experimental. Thus, copolymers were synthesized in vitro, which form non-aggregating structures of the type hydrophobic core-hydrophilic shell. The structure of such copolymers is similar in this respect to that of protein macromolecules [125-127]. 

As yet only a limited number of bilirubin conjugates can be synthesized in vitro. Mono- and diglucuronosides of bilirubin predominate in rat bile (F6, Hll, 03, S6). In accordance with these observations, isolated liver preparations and liver slices from rat (S6), and rat hepatoma cells (R9)... 

F5. Fevery, J., Leroy, P., Van De Vijver, M., and Heirwegh, K. P. M., Structures of bilirubin conjugates synthesized in vitro from bilirubin and uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid, uridine diphosphate glucose or uridine diphosphate xylose by preparations from rat liver. Biochem. J. 129, 635-644 (1972). 

Several natural products (Scheme 60) have been synthesized in vitro via singlet oxygen ene reactions. For example, clavukerin C was prepared in racemic form, in a biomimetic synthesis by Kim and Pak, whereas a-farnesene hydroperoxide was obtained starting from geraniol. 

Although it could be established that saturation of the a-isoprene unit of polyprenol phosphate is important for these compounds to act as effective acceptors of glycosyl moieties in eukaryotic cells, little chain-length specificity was observed in such studies.39-41 This observation found support in the result that the same set of prenylogs occurs in total-yeast dolichol and in dolichol diphosphate-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose synthesized in vitro with yeast-cell homogenates.42 As already noted by Chojnacki and coworkers,40 dur-... 

In conclusion, it may be stated that present knowledge of the enzymic mechanisms catalyzing the formation of heteroglycans from glycosyl-nucleotides as glycosyl donors, and of the relevance of such synthetic mechanisms to the formation of the intact, primary cell-wall, is very limited. In particular, no heteroglycan having properties identical to those of known, native polymers of the primary wall has yet been synthesized in vitro. 

These polysaccharides have been synthesized in vitro from various sugar nucleotides with enzymes isolated from plant sources. 

The unique properties of oligonucleotides create cross-linking options that are far different from those of any other biological molecule. Nucleic acids are the only major class of macromolecule that can be specifically synthesized in vitro by enzymatic means. The addition of modified nucleoside triphosphates to an existing DNA strand by the action of polymerases or transferases allows addition of spacer arms or detection components at random or discrete sites along the chain. Alternatively, chemical methods that modify nucleotides at selected functional groups can be used to produce spacer arm derivatives or activated intermediates for subsequent coupling to other molecules. 

Poll is capable of both error-free and error-prone translesion syntheses in vitro. In response to 8-oxoguanine in DNA, human Poll predominantly incorporates C opposite the lesion. Fluman Poll is able to incorporate the correct C opposite the AAF-adducted guanine. Flowever, further DNA synthesis is blocked by the lesion. Fluman Poll incorporates one nucleotide opposite a template AP site more efficiently than opposite a template T, with the incorporation specificity of G > T > A > C. After incorporating one nucleotide opposite the AP site, further DNA synthesis is aborted. 

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