Enzyme electrodes for glucose

A compound which is a good choice for an artificial electron relay is one which can reach the reduced FADH2 active site, undergo fast electron transfer, and then transport the electrons to the electrodes as rapidly as possible. Electron-transport rate studies have been done for an enzyme electrode for glucose (G) using interdigitated array electrodes (41). The following mechanism for redox reactions in osmium polymer—GOD biosensor films has... 

E581 Wiese, D.A., Bowen, T.P. and Kost, G.J. (1989). Enzyme electrode for glucose measurement in whole blood with a critical care profiling instrument. Clin. Chem. 35, 1098, Abstr. 152. 

Fig. 43. Enzyme electrode for glucose determination in undiluted biological fluids. (Redrawn from M tiller et al.( 1986).

An early reference to the concept of a biosensor is from Dr. Leland C. Clark, who worked on biosensors in the early 1960s (2) developing an enzyme electrode for glucose concentration measurement with the enzyme glucose oxidase, a measurement that is important in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of carbohydrate metabolism in diabetes patients. Still today, the most common biosensors used are for glucose analysis. 

First amperometric biosensor glucose oxidase-based enzyme electrode for glucose [6]... 

First commercial enzyme electrode (for glucose) and glucose analyzer using the electrode (Yellow Springs Instruments) ... 

A significant proportion of the published work has been concerned with the study of glucose oxidase (GOx EC 1.1.3.4) immobilized in poly(pyrrole). This is in part due to interest in amperometric enzyme electrodes for glucose measurement and in part to the fact that GOx is a very robust enzyme and poly(pyrrole) is very easy to polymerize from aqueous solutions thus conditions required to immobilize the enzyme are not demanding. In addition to the GOx/poly(pyrrole) system, a range of other enzymes and other electropolymerized films have been investigated. 

Enzyme sensors for carbohydrates. An enzyme electrode for glucose was the first electrochemical biosensor studied [1] and since then intensive research has taken place, providing new ideas and experiences for the development of other biosensors. Glucose biosensors usually use as a biological component the relatively stable enzyme glucose oxidase, preferably from Aspergillus niger (Fig. 14). This enzyme may serve as a model for all flavin oxidoreductases which can be applied not only for... 

Figure 76. Configuration of an aniperometric enzyme electrode for glucose determination...

Fig. 4. Principle of an amperometric enzyme electrode for glucose based on a GOD-containing polymer in the presence of a redox mediator M.

Affinity chromatography, polystyrene-based particles, 227 Albumin adsorption, nondegradable polystyrene-based particles, 227-229 Amperometric biosensors drawbacks, 110-111 reagendess enzyme electrode development, 111-112,113/ Amperometric enzyme electrodes for glucose determination, sandwich-type. See Sandwich-type amperometric enzyme electrodes for glucose determination... 

The most commonly used biomedical sensors are the dissolved oxygen p02 and pH electrodes, although enzyme electrodes for glucose and penicillin are becoming more widely accepted. 

First description of the biosensor An amperometric enzyme electrode for glucose... 

Guilbault G.G. and Lubrano G.J. (1972) Enzyme electrode for glucose. Anal. Chim. Acta, 60, 254-256. 

Mullen W.H., Churchouse S.J. and Vadgama P.M. (1985) Enzyme electrode for glucose based on the quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase. Analyst., 110, 925-928. 

---