Electrode for glucose

A compound which is a good choice for an artificial electron relay is one which can reach the reduced FADH2 active site, undergo fast electron transfer, and then transport the electrons to the electrodes as rapidly as possible. Electron-transport rate studies have been done for an enzyme electrode for glucose (G) using interdigitated array electrodes (41). The following mechanism for redox reactions in osmium polymer—GOD biosensor films has... 

Fig. 2.1 Hybrid electrode for glucose sensing where glucose oxidase is immobilized on the working electrode through the LB process. Adapted from [25], Y. Okahata et al, Thin Solid Films 1989, 780, 65.

A. Karaykin, O. Gitelmacher, and E. Karaykina, Prussian blue-based first-generation biosensor. A sensitive amperometric electrode for glucose. Anal. Chem. 67, 2419—2423 (1995). 

Mani, V., B. Devadas, and S.-M. Chen, Direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase at electrochemically reduced graphene oxide-multiwalled carbon nanotubes hybrid material modified electrode for glucose biosensor. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2012. 41 p. 309-315. 

Figure 1 Glucose oxidase (GOD) - H202 Electrode for Glucose Determination...

Ultrathin hydrogels are prepared from poly(vinyl amine-co-N-vinylformamide) and poly(acrylic acid) using EDC. Such soluble functionalized nanotube/PVA composites are used as an electrode for glucose sensing. ... 

E581 Wiese, D.A., Bowen, T.P. and Kost, G.J. (1989). Enzyme electrode for glucose measurement in whole blood with a critical care profiling instrument. Clin. Chem. 35, 1098, Abstr. 152. 

Fig. 43. Enzyme electrode for glucose determination in undiluted biological fluids. (Redrawn from M tiller et al.( 1986).

An early reference to the concept of a biosensor is from Dr. Leland C. Clark, who worked on biosensors in the early 1960s (2) developing an enzyme electrode for glucose concentration measurement with the enzyme glucose oxidase, a measurement that is important in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of carbohydrate metabolism in diabetes patients. Still today, the most common biosensors used are for glucose analysis. 

First amperometric biosensor glucose oxidase-based enzyme electrode for glucose [6]... 

First commercial enzyme electrode (for glucose) and glucose analyzer using the electrode (Yellow Springs Instruments) ... 

Whole cells of Pseudomonas fluorescens which utilized mainly glucose were chosen and immobilized in collagen membrane. The microbial electrode consisting of a bacteria-collagen membrane and an oxygen electrode for glucose is described here. 

A significant proportion of the published work has been concerned with the study of glucose oxidase (GOx EC 1.1.3.4) immobilized in poly(pyrrole). This is in part due to interest in amperometric enzyme electrodes for glucose measurement and in part to the fact that GOx is a very robust enzyme and poly(pyrrole) is very easy to polymerize from aqueous solutions thus conditions required to immobilize the enzyme are not demanding. In addition to the GOx/poly(pyrrole) system, a range of other enzymes and other electropolymerized films have been investigated. 

Fig. 7.16 Scheme for an amperometric electrode for glucose determination where GOD is immobilized in a conducting polymer film which contains a redox mediator (M)... 

Enzyme sensors for carbohydrates. An enzyme electrode for glucose was the first electrochemical biosensor studied [1] and since then intensive research has taken place, providing new ideas and experiences for the development of other biosensors. Glucose biosensors usually use as a biological component the relatively stable enzyme glucose oxidase, preferably from Aspergillus niger (Fig. 14). This enzyme may serve as a model for all flavin oxidoreductases which can be applied not only for... 

Figure 76. Configuration of an aniperometric enzyme electrode for glucose determination...

Fig. 4. Principle of an amperometric enzyme electrode for glucose based on a GOD-containing polymer in the presence of a redox mediator M.

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