Environmental Protection and Disposal Methods

None of fluoropolymers or their decomposition products poses any threats to the ozone layer. None are subject to any restrictive regulations under the Montreal Protocol and the US Clean Air Act. Reacting HF with chloroform produces the main fluori-nated ingredient of tetrafluoroethylene synthesis CHCIF2. It has a small ozone depleting potential but is excluded from the Montreal Protocol regulation 

The preferred methods of disposing of fluo-ropol mers are recycling and landfilling according to the various regulations. In the case of suspensions and dispersions, solids should be removed from the liquid and disposed. Liquid discharge to waste water systems should be according to the permits. None of the polymers should be incinerated unless the in- 

In the disposal of fluoropol5mer scrap containing pigments, additives, or solvents, additional consideration must be given to the regulation for the disposal of the non-fluoropolymer ingredients. Some of the compounds and mixtures may require compliance with Hazardous Material Acts. 

Harris, L. R., and Savadi, D. G., Synthetic Polymers, Patty s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 4 ed., Vol. 2, Part E, G. D. Clayton and F. E. Clayton, Eds., John Wiley Sons, New York 1994. 

Guide for the Safe Handling of Fluoropol mer Resins, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe, Brussels, Belgium 1995. 

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Struzeski, E.J. Waste Treatment and Disposal Methods for the Pharmaceutical Industry. NEIC-Report EPA 330/1-75-001 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Enforcement, National Field Investigation Center Denver, CO, 1975. 

In the past, the main emphasis was on additive environmental protection employing conventional purification and disposal methods. Nevertheless, methods of recovery and utilization have long been used in the chemical industry, and can even be found at the beginning of industrial production [38]. 

A word of caution Metals, materials in general, chemicals used to study metals in the laboratory, chemicals used for corrosion protection, and essentially any chemicals should be (1) used in compliance with all applicable codes, laws, and regulations (2) handled by trained and experienced individuals in keeping with workmanlike environmental and safety standards and (3) disposed only using allowable methods and in allowable quantities. 

The Environmental Protection Agency maintains a list of hundreds of elements and compounds classified as "hazardous and classifies hazardous wastes into four categories, as shown in the table on pages 158-159. Any company that produces solid wastes must determine on its own whether those wastes contain any hazardous waste under the EPAs definition. If it does, it is required to treat, store, and/or dispose of those wastes by some method that has been approved by the EPA. 

Every year millions of cubic meters of ready-mixed concrete are returned for disposal in dump sites. There are now increasing environmental concerns and restrictions regulating the disposal of returned plastic concrete. In the last decade, environmental protection agencies in Europe and North America have classified both returned plastic concrete and truck wash water as hazardous waste. Consequently, the conventional methods of disposal in slurry tanks and landfill sites have become redundant, and disposal of plastic concrete is now a major problem for the ready-mixed concrete industry [102]. 

The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and other federal, state, and local government agencies in the United States may require chemical analyses to determine compliance with air quality, water quality, liquid waste discharge, solid waste disposal, and other environmental regulations. The analytical methods specified for these purposes may be methods in development, methods published by standard-setting organizations, or... 

Health care staff or other visitors leaving a suspected VHP patient s room should safely remove and dispose aU protective equipment, clean and disinfect shoes soiled with body fluid. See below, under environmental control procedures, for the proper method of disposal and disinfection. 

Ultimate disposal is described by many as the final process in the treatment and management of wastes. The term ultimate disposal methods was coined by the US. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and originally assigned to the four processes listed below. 

Love, J. and C. Wiles, Paper presented at the Fifth Annual Research Symp., Land Disposal and Resource Recovery of Wastes, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, held in Orlando, FL, March 1979, proceedings in press. Also, the ASTM E-38.01 development of RDF test methods is supported by EPA Contract 68-03-2528, Office of Research and Development, Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, C. Wiles, Project Officer. 

The reader is referred to Toxicological Profile for Lead [37] for a comprehensive report on lead, including public health statement health effects summary chemical and physical information production, import, use, and disposal information description of the potential for human exposure analytical methods used in monitoring health effects regulations and advisories a valuable glossary and a comprehensive reference list. The US Center for Disease Control and US Environmental Protection Agency also maintain extensive databases on lead. 

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