Environmental electroanalysis

Vyskocil V, Barek J (2009) Mercury electrodes-possibilities and limitations in environmental electroanalysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 39 173... 

Vyskocil, V. and J. Barek, Mercury Electrodes-Possibilities and Limitations in Environmental Electroanalysis. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 2009. 59(3) p. 173-188. 

In environmental electroanalysis, some less frequent approaches are potentiometric determinations with ISEs, for instance, Al " in water samples Ca ", and in soil extracts " or—with some promise—also Rb" and Cs". ... 

In combination with electrochemical principles, speciation has a long tradition and at least since the last third of the twentieth century this special area skilfully utilises the ability of electroanalysis to indicate the changes in chemical equilibrium and redox state of various substances, which allows— together with determinations of their total content— the identification and quantification of the individual forms and their actual distribution—a problematic deal for many other instrumental techniques. In this respect, specialised teams have elaborated to a remarkable extent mainly the electrochemistry of natural aquatic systems, covering for two decades the dominant part of chemical speciation in environmental electroanalysis (see, e.g., references (15, 16)). 

The actual challenges in environmental electroanalysis may be seen in (1) development of new voltammetric and amperometric methods using BDD electrodes and their validation so that they can be routinely used in environmental, biochemical, and other laboratories (2) search on reasonable ways for construction of BDD-based sensors and extension of their applications in environmental analysis and (3) construction of field-deployable analytical devices based on BDD sensors for on-site monitoring of enviromnental pollutants. 

There may be circumstances in which an electroanalytical method, as a consequence of the additional chemicals required, has disadvantages in comparison with instrumental techniques of analysis however, the above-mentioned advantages often make electroanalysis the preferred approach for chemical control in industrial and environmental studies. Hence, in order to achieve a full understanding of what electroanalysis can do in these fields first, it will be treated more systematically in Part A second, some attention will be paid in Part B to electroanalysis in non-aqueous media in view of its growing importance and finally, the subject will be rounded off in Part C by some insight into and some examples of applications to automated chemical control. 

W. F. Smyth (Editor), Electroanalysis in Hygiene, Environmental, Clinical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Proceedings of a Conference Organized by the Electroanalytical Group of the Chemical Society, London, 17-20 April, 1979, (Analytical Chemistry Symposia Series, Vol. 2), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1980. 

R. Feeney and S.P. Kounaves, Microfabricated ultramicroelectrode arrays developments, advances, and applications in environmental analysis. Electroanalysis 12, 677-684 (2000). 

Since the 1980s a lively discussion on the role of electrostatic interactions in adsorption (or vice versa) has been developing in the electrochemistry literature [631] in conjunction with the key role of surface-modified carbon electrodes in such diverse applications as electroanalysis [632,633], electrocatalysis [634-636], and in-vivo voltammetry [637], Indeed the field of "environmental electrochemistry is now emerging [638], and carbon materials have much to offer in it. The importance of surface chemistry in electroadsorption had been anticipated... 

M. Chicharro, A. Zapardiel, E. Bermejo and A. Sanchez, Multiresidue analysis of pesticides in environmental waters by capillary electrophoresis using simultaneous UV and electrochemical detection. Electroanalysis, 16, 311-318, 2004. 

The advantages of microelectrodes are exploited in many different areas of electroanalysis, with the environmental, food quality assurance, and biomedical applications being the most active. Portability... 

Ashley K (1994) Electroanalytical applications in occupational and environmental health. Electroanalysis 6 805-820. 

Adeloju SB and Pablo F (1995) Simultaneous determination of lead and tin in biological and environmental materials by differential pulse cathodic voltammetry on a glassy carbon mercury film electrode. Electroanalysis 7 750-755. 

Main areas of electroanalysis with CMCPEs and biosensors Similar to unmodified CPEs, there are four major categories, in which the modified variants are widely employed (i) inorganic ions, complexes, and molecules, 40% (ii) organic substances and environmental pollutants (of organic origin), 10% (iii) BIC, 40% and (iv) pharmaceutical and clinical analysis, 10%. 

Her research interests are in the field of electroanalysis, particularly dealing with the development of new materials as electrode coatings possessing electrocatalytic and antifouling properties. These materials found application in the realization of sensors and biosensors for the quantification of meaningful analytes in food and environmental matrices. 

F. Smyth, "Electroanalysis in Hygiene, Environmental, Clinical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry," Elsevier, Amsterdam (1980). 

---