Enhanced radiation

Plasmas at fusion temperatures cannot be kept in ordinary containers because the energetic ions and electrons would rapidly coUide with the walls and dissipate theit energy. A significant loss mechanism results from enhanced radiation by the electrons in the presence of impurity ions sputtered off the container walls by the plasma. Therefore, some method must be found to contain the plasma at elevated temperature without using material containers. 

Enhanced radiation sensitivity may be designed into polymer molecules by incorporation of radiation sensitive groups,and this is an important aspect of research in e beam lithography. 

GfSOj) for Hq/Bp (50) PSF is intermediate between G(S02> for the homopolymers. Thus, there is no additional protective effect analogous to the non-linear response of G(H.) as the mole fraction of benzene in cyclohexane is increased (3.47. This indicates that the spatial range of enhanced radiation protection afforded by the biphenyl group is limited. 

Ferry DR, Smith A, Malkhandi J, F e DW, deTakats PG, Anderson D, Baker J, Kerr DJ (1996) Phase 1 clinical trial of the flavonoid quercetin pharmacokinetics and evidence for in vivo tyrosine kinase inhibition. Clin Cancer Res 2 659-668 Findik D, Song Q, Hidaka H, Lavin M (1995) Protein kinase A inhibitors enhance radiation-induced apoptosis. J Cell Biochem 57 12-21 Fine RL, Patel J, Chabner BA (1988) Phorbol esters induce multidrug resistance in human breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 85 582-586 Finkenzeller G, Marme D, Hug H (1992) Inducible overexpression of human protein kinase C in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts results in growth abnormalities. Cell Signall 4 163-177... 

Although the precise mechanism of action of paclitaxel in enhancing radiation effects is not clear, one of the proposed mechanisms is its effect on the cell cycle. Its effects on the microtubules result in an M-phase arrest (55). Experiments done on synchronously dividing Chinese hamster cells have shown that cells in M and G2 are most sensitive to the effects of radiation (56). 

Enhanced radiation cross-linking in polyethylene, polypropylene, and poly-isobutylene and in copolymers of ethylene and propylene was found when nitrous oxide was incorporated into the polymer matrix. Mechanisms of fhis process have been proposed by several workers. ... 

Other specific types of nuclear weapons are commonly referred to by their names such as neutron bombs (enhanced radiation weapons), cobalt bombs and salted bombs. The atomic bomb was the first nuclear weapon to be developed, tested and used. It was developed under the direction of American physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904—1967) and implemented toward the end of World War... 

In Figure 12 a typical LII measurement setup for such applications is shown, whereby here the detection of the enhanced radiation is in perpendicular direction relative to the incident laser beam. 

Numerous localized areas of the world have been subjected to mining and mineralprocessing activities involving NORM in some of these areas significant contamination of the surrounding environment with enhanced levels of NORM has occurred resulting in enhanced radiation exposure of the public. 

Oxygen is a diradical that enhances radiation damage by forming radicals with other radicals. An example is the scavenging of hydrogen atoms by molecular oxygen to form the hydroperoxy radical. 

The boron carbide-graphite bodies are heat-treated to 2000°C after extrusion or warm pressing while protected from oxidation. Heat treatment is limited to below 2200°C to prevent migration of boron into the graphite crystals, which would enhance radiation swelling of the matrix. 

Table 8. Effect of UV-B (280-320 nm) exposure for 7 days at 8.89 kJ m d" (average ambient solar radiation during summer months) and enhanced radiation (11.41 kJ d ) on seeds and seedlings of Leucadendron laureolum expressed as percentage change of germination, seedling performance and selected chemical changes.

Temozolomide, a chemotherapeutic drug used to treat cancerous human brain tumors, enhances radiation response in human glioblastoma cells... 

As shown by Friend Abbott (1986), rotating massive stars have an enhanced radiation driven stellar wind mass loss well before they actually hit the Q-limit, with an enhancement factor... 

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