Engineered microorganism

A Chinese pubHcation (47) with 17 references reviews the use of genetically engineered microorganisms for the production of L-ascorbic acid and its precursor, 2-KGA (49). For example, a 2-keto-L-gulonic acid fermentation process from sorbose has been pubUshed with reported yields over 80% (50). 

Development of an economically viable production process for fohc acid either by genetically engineered microorganisms or by extraction from natural sources is not yet feasible. 

Sobecky PA, MA Schell, MA Moran, RE Hodson (1992) Adaptation of model genetically engineered microorganisms to lake water growth rate enhancements and plasmid loss. Appl Environ Microbiol 58 3630-3637. 

Some of the industrial biocatalysts are nitrile hydralase (Nitto Chemicals), which has a productivity of 50 g acrylamide per litre per hour penicillin G amidase (Smith Kline Beechem and others), which has a productivity of 1 - 2 tonnes 6-APA per kg of the immobilized enzyme glucose isomerase (Novo Nordisk, etc.), which has a productivity of 20 tonnes of high fmctose syrup per kg of immobilized enzyme (Cheetham, 1998). Wandrey et al. (2000) have given an account of industrial biocatalysis past, present, and future. It appears that more than 100 different biotransformations are carried out in industry. In the case of isolated enzymes the cost of enzyme is expected to drop due to an efficient production with genetically engineered microorganisms or higher cells. Rozzell (1999) has discussed myths and realities... 

Metabolic and enzyme engineering have received a lot of attention in academic institutions and are now being applied for the optimization of biocatalysts used in the production of a diverse range of products. Engineered microorganisms, even with non-native enzyme activities, are being used for novel products and process improvements for the production of precursors, intermediates and complete compounds, required in the pharmaceutical industry (Chartrain et ai, 2000). 

S. E. Lindow and N. J. Panopoulos, Field tests of recombinant ice-Pseudomonas for biological pest control in potato. The Release of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (M. Sussman, G. H. Collins, F. A. Skinner, and D. E. Stewart-Tull, eds.). Academic Press, London, 1988, p. 121. 

J. J. Shaw, F. Dane, D. Geiger, and J. W. Kloepper, Use of bioluminescence for detection of genetically engineered microorganisms relea.sed into the environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 5S 273 (1992). 

A final problem for bioinformatics and bioanalytical scientists is the characterization of engineered microorganisms. Whole-cell analysis by mass spectrometry has been used to confirm the introduction of therapeutic genes into adenovirus vectors,100 to confirm the expression of recombinant proteins in bacteria,101,102 and also in vaccinology.103 In the broader case, identification of... 

Marasco, E. and C. Schmidt-Dannert (2003). Towards the biotechnological production of aroma and flavor compounds in engineered microorganisms. Appl. Biotechnol. Food Sci. Pol. 1(3) 145-157. 

Give three reasons why microorganisms are intrinsically difficult to patent, and discuss whether mutated or genetically engineered microorganisms can be patented. 

Ford,S. F. Olsen, B. (1988). Methods for detecting genetically engineered microorganisms in the environment. Advances in Microbial Ecology, 10, 45-79. 

Despite these field trials, there has never been a release of a geneticaly engineered microorganism for bioremediation purposes. One should therefore bear in mind, when considering pathway construction as a route to bioremediation, that the constructed organism cannot carry out its programmed function without interacting with its environment. That we can carry out fairly complex alterations of the... 

Atlas, R. M., Bej, A. K., Steffan, R. J. Perlin, M. H. (1989). Approaches for monitoring and containing genetically engineered microorganisms released into the environment. Hazardous Waste Hazardous Materials, 6, 135-44. 

Bej, A. K., Perlin, M. Atlas, R.M. (1988). Model suicide vector for containment of genetically engineered microorganisms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 54,2472-7. 

Chaudhry, G. R., Toranzos, G. A. Bhatti, A. R. (1989). Novel method for monitoring genetically engineered microorganisms in the environment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 55, 1301-4. 

Drahos, D. J. (1991a). Field testing of genetically engineered microorganisms. Biotechnology Advances, 9, 157-71. 

Fujita, M., Ike, M. Uesugi, K. (1994). Operation parameters affecting the survival of genetically engineered microorganisms in activated sludge processes. Water Research, 28, 1667-72. 

Jones, R. A., Broder, M. W. Stotzky, G. (1991). Effects of genetically engineered microorganisms on nitrogen transformation and nitrogen-transforming microbial populations in soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57, 3212-19. 

King, R.J., Short, K. A. Seidler, R.J. (1991). Assay for detection and enumeration of genetically engineered microorganisms which is based on the activity of a deregulated 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate monooxygenase. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57, 1790-2. 

Pichard, S. L. Paul, J. H. (1991). Detection of gene expression in genetically engineered microorganisms and natural phytoplankton populations in the marine environment by mRNA analysis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57, 1721-7. 

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