Gulonic acid fermentative

A Chinese pubHcation (47) with 17 references reviews the use of genetically engineered microorganisms for the production of L-ascorbic acid and its precursor, 2-KGA (49). For example, a 2-keto-L-gulonic acid fermentation process from sorbose has been pubUshed with reported yields over 80% (50). 

Takagi, Y., Sugisawa, T. and Hoshino, T. (2009). Continuous 2-keto-L-gulonic Acid Fermentation from L-sorbose by Ketogulonicigenium vulgare DSM 4025, Appl. Microbiol. BiotechnoL, 82, pp. 1049-1056. 

It is probable that the mixture of L-idonic acid (42) and L-gulonic acid (47) obtained from L-xylose by way of cyanohydrins 71 may be directly converted into 28 by fermentative oxidation, as it is known that Pseudomonas aeruginosa371 73-3 and Acetobacter suboxy-... 

There are many organic acids that can be produced by microbial or biochemical means. However, at present, only acetic acid (as vinegar), citric acid, itaconic acid, gluconic acid, 2-keto-gulonic acid, and lactic acid are produced industrially by fermentation. Other organic acids, such as fumaric, gallic, malic, and tartaric acids, once produced by fermentation or enzyme processes, are now produced commercially, predominantly by the more economic means of chemical synthesis. 

K., Kageyama, B. et al, (1982) Production of 2-keto-L-gulonic acid from D-glucose by two-stage fermentation. AppL Environ. Microbiol, 43, 1064-1069. 

Today, the bulk of vitamin C is produced via a 2 fermentation steps reaction sequence in which L-sorbose is converted into 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (KGA) by fermentation (Figure 9.2.9). 

Li Q, Diao JY, Xiang BT, Cao ZA (1996) Studies on metabolism of mtrogen source in fermentation of 2-keto-L-gulonic acid. Acta Microbiol Sin 1 19-24 Lin HY, Chen CS, Yin GL (1999) Intergeneric cell fusion of Corynebacterium and Erwinia. Chin Microbiol 26 3-6... 

Saito Y, Ishii Y, Hayashi H, Yoshikawa K, Noguchi Y, Yoshida S, Soeda S, Yoshida M (1998) Direct fermentation of 2-keto-L-gulonic acid in recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans. Biotechnol Bioeng 58 309-315... 

Yin, G. and Tao, Z. (1980). Studies on the Production of Vitamin C Precursor 2-Keto-L-Gulonic Acid from L-sorbose by Fermentation, Acta Microbiol Sin., 20, pp. 246-251. 

Ning, W., Tao, Z., Wang, C., et al (1988). Fermentation Process for Producing 2-keto-L-gulonic acid, European Patent EP 278447. 

Tsukada Y, Perlman D (1972) The fermentation of L-sorbose by Gluconobacter melanogenus. III. Investigation of the metabolic pathway from sorbose to 2-keto-L-gulonic acid. Biotechnol... 

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