Microorganisms genetically engineered

A Chinese pubHcation (47) with 17 references reviews the use of genetically engineered microorganisms for the production of L-ascorbic acid and its precursor, 2-KGA (49). For example, a 2-keto-L-gulonic acid fermentation process from sorbose has been pubUshed with reported yields over 80% (50). 

Development of an economically viable production process for fohc acid either by genetically engineered microorganisms or by extraction from natural sources is not yet feasible. 

Sobecky PA, MA Schell, MA Moran, RE Hodson (1992) Adaptation of model genetically engineered microorganisms to lake water growth rate enhancements and plasmid loss. Appl Environ Microbiol 58 3630-3637. 

Some of the industrial biocatalysts are nitrile hydralase (Nitto Chemicals), which has a productivity of 50 g acrylamide per litre per hour penicillin G amidase (Smith Kline Beechem and others), which has a productivity of 1 - 2 tonnes 6-APA per kg of the immobilized enzyme glucose isomerase (Novo Nordisk, etc.), which has a productivity of 20 tonnes of high fmctose syrup per kg of immobilized enzyme (Cheetham, 1998). Wandrey et al. (2000) have given an account of industrial biocatalysis past, present, and future. It appears that more than 100 different biotransformations are carried out in industry. In the case of isolated enzymes the cost of enzyme is expected to drop due to an efficient production with genetically engineered microorganisms or higher cells. Rozzell (1999) has discussed myths and realities... 

S. E. Lindow and N. J. Panopoulos, Field tests of recombinant ice-Pseudomonas for biological pest control in potato. The Release of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (M. Sussman, G. H. Collins, F. A. Skinner, and D. E. Stewart-Tull, eds.). Academic Press, London, 1988, p. 121. 

J. J. Shaw, F. Dane, D. Geiger, and J. W. Kloepper, Use of bioluminescence for detection of genetically engineered microorganisms relea.sed into the environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 5S 273 (1992). 

Give three reasons why microorganisms are intrinsically difficult to patent, and discuss whether mutated or genetically engineered microorganisms can be patented. 

Ford,S. F. Olsen, B. (1988). Methods for detecting genetically engineered microorganisms in the environment. Advances in Microbial Ecology, 10, 45-79. 

Atlas, R. M., Bej, A. K., Steffan, R. J. Perlin, M. H. (1989). Approaches for monitoring and containing genetically engineered microorganisms released into the environment. Hazardous Waste Hazardous Materials, 6, 135-44. 

Bej, A. K., Perlin, M. Atlas, R.M. (1988). Model suicide vector for containment of genetically engineered microorganisms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 54,2472-7. 

Chaudhry, G. R., Toranzos, G. A. Bhatti, A. R. (1989). Novel method for monitoring genetically engineered microorganisms in the environment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 55, 1301-4. 

Drahos, D. J. (1991a). Field testing of genetically engineered microorganisms. Biotechnology Advances, 9, 157-71. 

Fujita, M., Ike, M. Uesugi, K. (1994). Operation parameters affecting the survival of genetically engineered microorganisms in activated sludge processes. Water Research, 28, 1667-72. 

Jones, R. A., Broder, M. W. Stotzky, G. (1991). Effects of genetically engineered microorganisms on nitrogen transformation and nitrogen-transforming microbial populations in soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57, 3212-19. 

King, R.J., Short, K. A. Seidler, R.J. (1991). Assay for detection and enumeration of genetically engineered microorganisms which is based on the activity of a deregulated 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate monooxygenase. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57, 1790-2. 

Pichard, S. L. Paul, J. H. (1991). Detection of gene expression in genetically engineered microorganisms and natural phytoplankton populations in the marine environment by mRNA analysis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57, 1721-7. 

Prosser, J.l. (1994). Molecular marker system for detection of genetically engineered microorganisms in the environment. Microbiology, 140, 5-17. 

By way of genetic engineering, microorganisms with meiabolic capacities, unknown of as recently as 15 years ago. have been produced. Coal bioprocessing developments are directed to three objectives ... 

---