Energy management

Energy source Chemicals Petroleum refining Paper Primary metals Other 

Assumes deUvered electricity has one-third of the energy content of the fuel used to produce it ie, 1 Joule of electrical supply to an industrial user represents 3 Joules of fuel consumed. 

Eor petroleum, this value represents primarily feedstock used in nonenergy products such as asphalt, as well as some feedstock used for petrochemicals. 

For paper, this value represents the fuel value of the biomass. 

Feedstocks. A separate breakdown between fuels and feedstocks (qv) for the chemical industry (2) shows that the quantity of hydrocarbons (qv) used direcdy for feedstock is about as great as that used for fuel (see Fuels, synthetic Gasoline and other motor fuels). Much of this feedstock is oxidized accompanied by the release of heat, and in many processes, by-product energy from feedstock oxidation dominates purchased fuel and electricity. A classic example is the manufacture of nitric acid (qv) [7697-37-2] HNO. Ammonia (qv) [7664-41-7] burned in air on a catalyst at a pressure 

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (4th Edition) 

Two-thirds of the fuel used by the United States chemical industry in 1988 was natural gas [8006-14-2], which is dean and easy to combust (see Gas, natural). Although relativdy inexpensive at the wellhead, natural gas is costly to transport. Hence the chemical industry is concentrated in regions where natural gas is produced, keeping the average price paid by the U.S. chemical industry for natural gas in 1988 to only 80% of the average U.S. industrial price (1). Similady the movement of chemical commodity production to the Middle East is driven by the desire to obtain low cost natural gas. 

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J.-P. EUZEN, P. TRAMBOUZE and J.-P. WAUQUIER Industrial Energy Management. 

Ideally, a process plant should be examined for its total energy consumption (see Energy management). Other plant energy systems are under consideration (18) and should eventually be included in this type of analysis. This would include not only process thermal energy and shaft energy, but pumping requirements and electrical power as well. 

CVJ boots (207) conductive mbbers (208) energy management devices (207) compression spring pads (206) gun holsters (177) mn- at tire inserts (207)... 

Design of a central power steam system is beyond the scope of this discussion, but the interaction between the steam system and the process must be considered at all stages of design. There is a long Hst of factors to consider in designing a steam system (see also Energy management) ... 

P. Cukor, Economic and EnvironmentalAssessment of Used Oil Recover and Disposalfor Ontario, report by Teknekron under contract to the Ontario Energy Management Program, Ontario, Canada, Mar. 1976. 

G. H. Bribnyer and R. Hammann, "A Turn-Key System for Battery Based Energy Management," Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of EPRJ, NEDO, REWAG—Batteries for Utility Energy Storage, Newport Beach, Calif., July 1989. 

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