Endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule

Whelan, J., Ghersa, P., Hooft van Huijsduijnen, R., Gray, J., Chandra, G., Talabot, F., and DeLamarter, J. F. (1991). An NFKB-like factor is essential but not sufficient for cytokine induction of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1) gene transcription. Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 2645-2653. 

M. Larkin, T. J. Ahem, M. S. Stoll, M. Shaffer, D. Sako, J. O Brien, C.-T. Yuen, A. M. Lawson, R. A. Childs, K. M. Barone, P. R. Langer-Safer, A. Hasegawa, M. Kiso, G. R. Larsen, and T. Feizi, Spectrum of sialylated and nonsialylated fuco-oligosaccharides bound by the endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule E-selectin, J. Biol. Chem. 267 13661 (1992). 

Carlos T, Kovach N, Schwartz B, et al. Human monocytes bind to two cytokine-induced adhesive ligands on cultured human endothelial cells Endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Blood 1991 77 2266-2271. 

B. N. Cronstein, S. C. Kimmel, R. I. Levin, F. Martiniuk, and G. Weissmann, A mechanism for the antiinflammatory effects of corticosteroids the glucocorticoid receptor regulates leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and expression of endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 9991-9995 (1992). 

GMP, granular membrane protein ODFR, oxygen-derived free radicals ELAM, endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule IL-1, interleukin-1 TNF-alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule IFN-gamma, interferon -gamma VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule LFA, lymphocyte-associated antigen CR, complement receptor. 

Upregulation of adhesion molecules has been documented in human stroke patients [7]. It was demonstrated that leukocytes from patients suffering an ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack showed increased CDl la expression within 72 hours of the onset of symptoms [123]. Increased ICAM-1 expression on the surface of vessels fi om cerebral cortical infarcts was detected in four patients [124]. In some studies, soluble isoforms of adhesion molecules shed fi om the surfaces of activated cells were quantified in serum. Serum endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1, E-selectin) levels increased up to 24 hours after stroke. Similar increases were observed in serum vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) levels and these increases were sustained up to 5 days [125]. In contrast, serum ICAM-1 levels in acute ischemic stroke patients have been found to be lower than or the same as those of asymptomatic control subjects matched for age, sex, and vascular risk factors [125,126]. The reason not to detect an increase in serum levels of adhesion molecules might be due to the late enrolling of patients. Once adhesion molecules bind to leukocytes and endothelial cells, they can no longer be detected in serum [7]. 

X. Wang, T. L. Yue, F. C. Barone, and G. Z. Feuerstein, Demonstration of Increased Endothelial-Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule-1 mRNA Expression in Rat Ischemic Cortex, Stroke. 26 (1995) 1665-1669. 

Bevilacqua, M P, Pober, J S, Mendrick, D L, Cotran, R S, Gimbrone, M A Jr, Identification of an inducible endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule, Proc. Natl. Acad. Set USA, 84, 9238-9242, 1987. 

Kyan-Aung, U., Haskard, D.O., Poston, R.N., Thornhill, M.H. and Lee, T.H. (1991). Endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 mediate adhesion of eosinophils to endothelial cells in vitro and are expressed by endothelium in allergic cutaneous inflammation in vitro. J. Immunol. 146, 521-528. 

B. (1989). Endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 an inducible receptor for neutrophils related to complement regulatory proteins and lectins. Science 243, 1160-1165. 

Leung, D.Y., Pober, J.S. and Cotran, KS. (1991). Expression of endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 in elicited late phase allergic reactions. J. Clin. Invest. 87, 1805-1809. 

Walsh, L.J., Trinchieri, G., Waldorf, H.A., Whitaker, D. and Murphy, G.F. (1991b). Human dermal mast cells contain and release tumor necrosis factor alpha, which induces endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 4220-4224. 

Montefort, S., Roche, W.R, Howarth, P.H., Djukanovic, R, Gratziou, C., Carroll, M., Smith, L., Britten, K.M., Haskard, D., Lee, T.H. and Holgate, S.T. (1992). Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1) expression in the bronchial mucosa of normal and asthmatic subjects. Eur. Respir. J. 5, 815-823. 

The innervation of the lymphoid vasculature by substance P-containing neurons and the ability of substance P to enhance lymph tissue blood flow (Lundbeig et al., 1985) suggest that substance P may alter lymphocyte traffic . Substance P induces the expression of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1) on microvascular endothelial cells (Matis et al., 1990) and may similarly affect the expression of adhesion molecules on lymphocytes. Infusion of substance P has been shown to increase lymph flow and lymphocyte traffic in sheep lymph nodes (Moore etal., 1989). 

Matis, W.L., Lavker, R.M. and Murphy, G.F. (1990). Substance P induces the expression of an endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule by microvascular endothelium. J. Invest. Dermatol. 94, 492-495. 

Gundel, RH., Wegner, C.D., Torcellini, C D., Clark, C.C, Haynes, N., Rothlein, R, Smith, C.W. and Lenst, L.G. (1991). Endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 mediates antigen-induced acute airway inflammation and late-phase obstruction in monkeys. J. Clin. Invest. 88, 1407-1411. 

Wang, X., Yue, T.-L., Barone, F. C., and Feuerstein, G. Z., Demonstration of increased endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 mRNA expression in rat ischaemic cortex, Stroke, 26, 1665, 1995. 

De Caterina R, Libby P. Control of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecules by fatty acids. Lipids 1996 31(Suppl) S57-S63. 

De Caterina R, Cybulsky MA, Clinton SK, Gimbrone MA Jr, Libby P. Omega-3 fatty acids and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecules. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids 1995 52 191-195. 

Increased cytokine production may also play a role in silica-induced autoimmune vascular disease. Adhesion molecule expression is elevated on vascular endothelial cells in response to TNF-a and IL-1. Adhesion molecules such as endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) recruit inflammatory cells to specific sites on the vascular endothelium, and it has been hypothesized that vascular pathology following silica exposure may be the result of this interaction (Nowack et al., 1998). IFN-y is expressed at elevated levels by lymphocytes in silicotic thoracic lymph nodes and may be responsible for the long-lasting inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in these tissues (Friedetzky et al., 2002). The increase in IFN-y may also cause a shift towards a dominant Thl response, contributing to the maintenance of a chronic inflammatory state in silica-containing lymph nodes (Gam et al., 2000). 

Lumpkin, M. D. The regulation of ACTH secretion by IL-1. Science 238, 452-454 (1987). Luscinskas, F. W., Brock, A. F., Amaout, M. A., and Gimbrone, M. A., Jr. Endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1-dependent and leukocyte (CDll/CD18)-dependent mechanisms contribute to polymorphonuclear leukocyte adhesion to cytokine-activated human vascular endothelium. J. Immunol. 142, 2257-2263 (1989). 

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