Endocrine function thyroid

Changes in serum proteins and other effects on endocrine function (see above) must be taken into account when thyroid, adrenal, or pituitary function is being evaluated. Increases in sedimentation rate are thought to be due to increased levels of fibrinogen. 

McGregor AJ Mason HJ (1991) Occupational mercury vapour exposure and testicular, pituitary and thyroid endocrine function. Hum Exp Toxicol 10(3) 199-203. 

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers. Results of in vitro estrogen receptor and thyroid hormone transport protein binding assays and in vivo studies of thyroid hormone homeostasis indicate that PBDEs have the potential to disrupt normal endocrine function. 

Combined cytostatic drug therapy for Hodgkin s disease in childhood often results in abnormal endocrine function, particularly increases in follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (318). 

The thyroid and parathyroid glands serve a number of vital endocrine functions. The thyroid gland synthesizes and secretes the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. These hormones are important regulators of cellular metabolism and metabolic rate. Thyroid hormones also interact with other hormones to facilitate normal growth and development. The parathyroid glands control calcium homeostasis through the release of PTH. This hormone is crucial... 

Thyroid hormones are used either to replace the failing function of the thyroid gland (spontaneous or drug-induced) or to suppress the endocrine function of abnormal thyroid tissues (especially non-toxic struma or goiter or after thyroidectomy for thyroid neoplasms). Although there are abnormalities of the peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones in some forms of undernutrition or overnutrition, thyroid drug therapy cannot be considered a safe way of treating obesity. 

Kamalu, B.P. and Agharanya, J.C., The effect of a nutritionally balanced cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) diet on endocrine function using the dog as a model. 2. Thyroid, Br. J. Nutr., 65, 373-379, 1991. 

Endocrine Effects. Thyroid hormone metabolism is the result of a balance in iodine and selenium levels. Selenium is a component of the deiodinase enzymes, including the Type I and Type II iodothyronine 5 -deiodinases, which convert the prohormone thyroxine (T4) to the active form, triiodothyronine (T3) (Kohrle 1994 St Germain and Galton 1997). Iodine deficiency can lead to hypothyroidism but if iodine deficiency is accompanied by selenium deficiency, thyroid gland destruction may also occur (Contempre et al. 1991a Hofbauer et al. 1997). Supplementation of individuals deficient in both iodine and selenium with selenium produces a further decrease in thyroid function, but if selenium supplementation is preceded by normalization of iodine levels, normal thyroid function is restored (Contempre et al. 1991a, 1992). 

Endocrine function is impaired by dietary protein deficiency.64 However, much less is known about the effects of individual amino acid deficiencies on the endocrine system. Overall, reduced growth and changes in body composition are major consequences of protein and amino acid deficiencies, and among the hormones possibly involved are thyroid hormones, growth hormone, insulin, and sex steroids. 

Crantz) diet on endocrine function using the dog as a model. 2. Thyroid. Br J Nutrit, 65, 373-379. 

Though less frequently sought, endocrine disturbances form an essential part of the clinical picture in malnutrition. Their importance has been emphasized by Samuels (1948), Zubirdn (1949), and by Gillman and Gillman (1951). The similarity between the clinical manifestations of malnutrition and those of altered endocrine function are evidenced by the frequency of serious sexual disturbances, pigmentations of the skin, lowered metabolic rates, gynecomastia, asthenia, hypotension, and other symptoms which could be attributed to dysfunction of the thyroid, the adrenals, the pituitary, or the gonads in undernourished individuals. 

Among vertebrate species, the neuro-endocrine-immime system is responsible for many complex, inter-related physiological processes including neuronal, homeostatic, reproductive and immune functions. There are four main types of hormone polypeptides, eicosanoids, steroids and thyroid hormones. Reflecting the inter-dependency of the neiiro-endocrine and immune systems, hormones, neuropeptides and other neiirotransmitters are known to be produced by some immune cells and play a role in the regulation of the immune system, while endocrine and nervous tissues express receptors for many substances produced by the immune system. The major focus of interest in endocrine disruption has... 

Amphibians. Amphibians are highly susceptible to endocrine disruption during development of the larval form and during metamorphosis. The action of metamorphosis is triggered and controlled by the thyroid gland via an increase in triiodothyronine and a decrease in thyroxine, and differs greatly between oviparous and viviparous species. Experimentally, it has been shown that disruption during this sensitive period can lead to malformations and adverse impacts on immune and reproductive functions. 

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