Neurodevelopmental toxicity

Children s Susceptibility. Neurodevelopmental delays and postnatal changes in serum thyroid hormone levels have been observed in animals following exposure of their mothers to chlorine dioxide or chlorite during gestation and/or lactation (Carlton and Smith 1985 Carlton et al. 1987 Gill et al. 2000 Mobley et al. 1990 Orme et al. 1985 Taylor and Pfohl 1985 Toth et al. 1990). It is not known whether age-related differences in toxicokinetic parameters exist for chlorine dioxide or chlorite. Additional studies should be designed to further examine neurodevelopmental toxicity and underlying mechanisms. 

Reinhardt CA (1993) Neurodevelopmental toxicity in vitro Primary cell culture models for screening and risk assessment. Reprod Toxicol, 7(Suppl 1) 165-170. 

This model has been extensively used to assess all human health risks, including reproduction and developmental toxicity (USEPA, 1991 IPCS, 1999a, 200Id) and neurodevelopmental toxicity (USEPA, 1998 IPCS, 2001b). The importance of the interactions of risk assessment with risk management and risk communication has been recognized (NRC, 1994 Renwick et al., 2003). 

Winneke G, Walkowiak J, Lilienthal H (2002) PCB-induced neurodevelopmental toxicity in human infants and its potential mediation by endocrine dysfunction. Toxicology, 181-182 161-165. 

MRL has never been intended as a one-size-fits-all tool for all hazardous waste site exposure scenarios rather, it is merely a starting point for further examination of potential health risk. Therefore, at sites where methylmercury is present in combination with other known or suspected neurodevelopmental toxicants, such as lead or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and in which exposure is primarily episodic in nature, the health assessor might consider using a value below the chronic oral MRL for methylmercury as a starting point for determination of further site investigation. (A more complete description of the uses of MRLs and other HGVs can be found in Chou et al. 1998 and Risher and De Rosa 1997.)... 

Human Stem/Progenitor Cell-Based Assays for Neurodevelopmental Toxicity Testing... 

An optimized gene set for transcrip-tomics based neurodevelopmental toxicity prediction in the neural embryonic stem cell test. Toxicology 300(3)458-167... 

Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW. 1997. Evidence for PCBs as neurodevelopmental toxicants in humans. Neurotoxicology 18(2) 415-424. 

The monkeys that were evaluated for neurodevelopmental toxicity by Rice and coworkers were also tested for other kinds of effects earlier in life (Arnold et al. 1999). Following exposure to... 

Such considerations are complicated by uncertainty about the mechanisms by which MeHg specifically exerts its neurodevelopmental toxicity. Such mechanisms might not be the same as those responsible for adult neurotoxicity. Nonetheless, the potential implications of additive toxicity from fish consumption and dental amalgams make elucidation of the mechanisms of MeHg toxicity in the brain a critical research priority. 

Within the exposure categories, (3) and (4) are subcategories characterized by the types of low-level neurodevelopmental toxic effects, e.g., neuro-cognitive impairments, mobility, measures of academic achievement, impaired social conduct, physioanatomical measures of development and activity. 

Ehrlich S, Williams PL, Missmer SA et al (2012b) Urinary bisphenol A concentrations and early reproductive health outcomes among women undergoing IVF. Hum Reprod 27(12) 3583-3592 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2010) Scientific opinion on bisphenol A evaluation of a study investigating its neurodevelopmental toxicity, review of recent scientific literature on its toxicity and advice on the Danish risk assessment of bisphenol A. EFSA J 8(9) 1829. http // www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1829.htm. Accessed 4 Feb 2014 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2013) Press release on human BPA exposure estimates. 

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