Encephalopathy children

Chronic encephalopathy (children >3 years old) Loss of motor skills, speech severe hyperkinetic, convulsive and behavioral disorders a mixed picture with recurrent episodes of acute poisonings NAS/NRC(1972), Byers and Lord (1943), Perlstein and Attala (1966)... 

Gaitonde UB, Sellar RJ, O Hare AE. 1987. Long term exposure to hydrogen sulphide producing subacute encephalopathy in a child. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 294 614. 

Population PK screening in Phase II and Phase III is useful in assessing the impact of altered hepatic function (as a covariate) in PKs, if those patients are not excluded from Phase II and III trials, and if there is sufficient PK information collected about the patients to characterize them reasonably well. If a population PK approach is used, patients in Phase II and III studies are assessed for encephalopathy, ascites, serum bilirubin, serum albumin, and prothrombin time (which are components of the Child-Pugh score) or a similar group of measures of hepatic function. The population PK study, then, would include the following features ... 

Cesena, M., Lee, D.O., Cebollero, A.M., and Steingard, R.J. (1995) Case study behavioral symptoms of pediatric HIV-1 encephalopathy successfully treated with clonidine./ Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34 302-306. 

Increased susceptibility of certain segments of the population, e.g., young children, may arise from increased tissue sensitivity, more complete absorption, altered distribution, or less developed or impaired defense mechanisms. The increased sensitivity of the child to lead toxicity is well documented (100, 101). In children, unlike the adult, renal tubular damage and encephalopathy are more common sequelae (76, 100). With arsenic exposure, children show significantly higher concentrations of the element in hair and urine than do adults (62). 

Yehya N, Saldarini CT, Koski ME, Davanzo P. Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004 43(8) 926-7. 

It is not surprising that infant L. suffered diffuse encephalopathy (brain disorder), a cerebral infarction, and seizures during the neonatal period (Yager, 2002). Both asphyxia and hypoglycemia are injurious to the brain. The treatment for seizures consists of providing normal metabolic substrates (e.g., glucose) and appropriate anticonvulsant therapy (phenobarbital), as was done in the present case. The long-term treatment for the child s developmental disabilities is complex and involves the skills of many members of the health care team. 

Prevention alone is often not enough. Children still become jaundiced even after careful assessment. When this occurs.it is important to assess the risk of developing significant hyperbilirubinemia. The main concern is that the child will develop acute bilirubin encephalopathy, which is caused by the toxicity of bilirubin on the basal ganglia and other brain stem nuclei. There are early, middle, and late stages of acute bilirubin encephalopathy (Table 22-3). The term kernicterus is applied to chronic... 

Ondansetron could be used, but the dose should be reduced to 8 mg daily in divided doses, as this patient has severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C). Ondansetron should be used with caution as it can cause constipation, which may worsen encephalopathy. A laxative should be co-prescribed if necessary. 

TanPhaichitr V (1985) Epidemiology and clinical assessment of vitamin deficiencies in Thai children. In Eeckels RE, Ransome-Kuti O, Kroonenberg CC (eds) Child health in the tropics. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 157-166 TanPhaichitr V (1999) Thiamin. In Shils ME, Olsen JA, Shike M et al (eds) Modem nutrition in health and disease, 9th edn. Lippincott Willitims Wilkins, Baltimore, MD Todd KG, Butterworth RE (1999) Early microglitil response in experimental thiamine deficiency tm immunohistochemical analysis. Glia 25(2) 190-198 Torvik A (1985) Two types of brain lesions in Wernicke s encephalopathy. Neuropathol Appl Neutobiol 11(3) 179-190... 

Gleeson JG, duPlessis AJ, Barnes PD, Riviello JJ Jr. Cyclosporin A acute encephalopathy and seizure syndrome in childhood clinical features and risk of seizure recurrence. J Child Neurol 1998 13(7) 336 4. 

Edwards DL, Johnson CE. Insect-repeUent-induced toxic encephalopathy in a child. Clin Pharm 1987 6(6) 496-8. 

A 14-year-old child developed hypertensive encephalopathy, a known rare adverse effect of erythropoietin, after 2 months (69). 

Taylor J, Pahl M, Rajpoot D. Erythropoietin-induced hypertensive encephalopathy in a child possible mechanisms. Dial Transplant 2002 31 170-88. 

Poskitt KJ, Steinbok P, Flodmark O. Methotrexate leuko-encephalopathy mimicking cerebral abscess on CT brain scan. Childs Nerv Syst 1988 4(2) 119-21. 

Armstrong DL, Battin MR. Pervasive seizures caused by hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy treatment with intravenous paraldehyde. J Child Neurol 2001 16(12) 915-17. 

Madge N, Diamond J, Miller D, Ross E, McManus C, Wadsworth J, Yule W, Frost B. The National Childhood Encephalopathy stndy a 10-year foUow-np. A report on the medical, social, behavionral and edncational ontcomes after serious, acute, neurological illness in early childhood. Dev Med Child Nenrol Snppl 1993 68 1-118. 

Acute encephalopathy has previously been attributed to vigabatrin in adults. There has also been a case in a child (9). 

Charlton CP, Buchanan E, Holden CE, et al. Intensive enteral feeding in advanced cirrhosis Reversal of malnutrition without precipitation of hepatic encephalopathy. Arch Dis Child 1992 67 603-607. 

Karp inski FE, Rieders F, Girsh LS Calcium disodium versenate in the therapy of lead encephalopathy. J Pediatr 42 687-699, 1953 Kirkconnell SC, Hicks LE Residual effects of lead poisoning on Denver Developmental Screening Test scores. J Abnorm Child Psychol 8 257-267, 1980 Kotok D Development of children with elevated blood lead levels a controlled study. J Pediatr 80 57-61, 1972... 

Law WR, Nelson ER Gasoline-sniffing by an adult report of a case with the unusual complication of lead encephalopathy. JAMA 204 144-146, 1968 Mccracken JT Lead intoxication psychosis in an adolescent. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 26 274-276, 1987... 

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